择文选词的教案.doc

词语的选择（diction) 1.词义的分类 2.汉英词义的比较 3.词的种类1.词义的分类 types of words meaningDenotative meaning: (指称意义，概念意义）Connotative meaning:（内涵意义） Stylistic meaning（文体意义，风格意义） Affective meaning （情感意义） Reflective meaning （联想意义） Collocative meaning （搭配意义）指称意义：“词的确切意义和字面意义”，（strict and literal meaning) -陆国强，现代英语词汇学指称意义不完全等同于“字面意义”指称意义不完全等同于“词典意义”，因为词典中词条的释义，不仅有指称意义，还有蕴含意义。指称意义是人们进行语言交际时所表达的最基本的意义。蕴含意义：指词语内含的情感意义和联想意义，能体现该民族的思维方式和社会文化。(implied and suggested meaning)多义词(polysemy)同义词(synonym):反义词 (antonym)看贪看：devour看守：guard看轻/重：under/overestimate 看护：Nursing参看：Refer to 看漏：overleap乍看：At first glance 窥看：Peep看门：Keep the house 看待：treat探春笑道:“只恐又是你的杜撰.” 宝玉笑道:“除外, 杜撰的太多,偏只我是杜撰不成?” “ Youre making that up, Im afraid, teased Tan Chun. “Most works, apart from the FOUR BOOKS, are made up; am I the only one who made things up?” he retorted with a grin. (杨宪益,戴乃迭译)我们试了一下，果然很灵。他虽然上了年纪，手脚倒还灵。这匹老马很有灵性，能领会主人的意图。We tried it out and it really worked.Though getting on in years, he is still nimble(灵活的). The horse is quite intelligent who can sense what the rider wants.听到这噩耗，她失声痛哭。别整日哭哭啼啼，那样会伤了你的身体。执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎。收到儿子的信，这位老汉高兴得流下泪来。She burst into tears on hearing the news.Please dont weep and wail(痛哭) all day long. It will hurt you.Holding hands, we gaze at each others tearful eyes, and burst into sobs with words congealed(凝结) on our lips.The old man cried for joy when he received the letter from his son.认真辨析词义与认真选词用词：1.词汇的感情色彩注意词义的广狭注意词义的轻重注意词义的褒贬注意词义的强弱2.词汇的语体色彩 intimate casualconsultativeformal Frozen3.词语的固定搭配词义的引申1.词义的抽象与具体2.词义的褒贬引申是语言的普遍现象，词义引申指不拘泥于词的字面意义或词典提供的语义、释义，而根据上下文作必要的调整和变动。不同的文体，引申的范围、内容、方式不尽相同。文艺作品中的引申，往往涉及作品的历史背景、社会习惯、风土人情、语气感情等；在技术类文体中，引申的出发点是现象、事实或与主题相关的概念，引申往往从逻辑推断入手，考虑专业特点和语言习惯，符号逻辑思维的特点。在一定语境的基础上，可以从词义的虚实、抽象与具体、概念大小、词义搭配等角度进行引申。一般说来，英语词义内涵比较广泛，词的用法比较灵活，一词多义、一词多用的现象非常普遍，这也有助于表达比较概括、笼统的意义。但英语有过分使用抽象表达法的倾向。不少文体学家提倡具体于抽象相结合的选词法。与英语相比，汉语用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。 1.具体抽象 他的话让我出了一身冷汗。他万万没想到在他前进的路上竟然会出现这么多的拦路虎。吃一堑，长一智。 I was extremely terrified by his words. （具体 抽象）He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way. （具体 抽象）A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.他这一阵心头如同十五个吊桶打水，七上八下，老是宁静不下来。（周而复：上海的早晨） His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight. 茗烟又嘱咐道：“不可拿进园去，叫人知道了，我就吃不了兜着走了。”（曹雪芹：红楼梦） “Dont take them into the Garden,” Ming-yan warned him. “If they were found Id be in serious trouble.”唉，那是客臣的井蛙之见喽，所谓“情人眼里出西施“啦。（郭沫若：屈原）Alas, that was owing to my ignorance, that is what is called partiality. 抽象-具体n Next to health, heart and home, happiness for mobile American depends on the automobile.n I was practically on my knees but he still refused.1.You should get rid of your foolhardiness.2.The foresight and coverage shown by the inventor of the method are most commendable.3. I have no head for music.译出褒贬：任何一种语言在表达时都有可能被作者赋予一定的感情色彩，词的感情色彩一般分为褒、贬，或积极、消极，以及中性。有些色彩是显性的，很容易辨认，如：坚忍不拔：firm and indomitable顽固不化：incorrigibly obstinate足智多谋：wise and resourceful诡计多端：treacherous中国的经济是一个大问题，忽视不得。经济过热，确实带来了一些问题。找理想的房子还真是一个大问题呀。The econo