古埃及建筑.docx

HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTUREChronogical Tablenote: There are some opinions about the age and the division Proto Dynastic Period; c.6000 B.C.-c.3200 B.C. (Prehistory) Early Dynasty; c.3200 B.C.-c.2700 B.C. (Thinite Period) o I-II Dynasty Old Kingdom; c.2700 B.C.-c.2200 B.C. (Memphis) o III-VI Dynasty First Intermediary Period; c.2200 B.C.-c.2100 B.C. (rivalry of powerful barons) o VII-X Dynasty Middle Kingdom; c.2100 B.C.-c.1750 B.C. (Thebe) o XI-XII Dynasty Second Intermediary Period; c.1750 B.C.-c.1550 B.C. (Hyksos domination. Rebirth of Thebes and expulsion of Hyksos at XVII Dynasty) o XIII-XVII Dynasty New Kingdom; c.1550 B.C.-c.1085 B.C. (Thebe) o XVIII-XX Dynasty Third Intermediary Period; c.1085 B.C.-c.712 B.C. o XXI-XXIV Dynasty Late Period; c.712 B.C.-c.332 B.C. (Ethiopin kings at XXV Dynasty and Saitic Kingdom in Delta at XXVI Dynasty. Egypt becomes satrapy of Persian Empire and then begins last Dynasty) o XXV-XXXI Dynasty Greco-Roman Period Ptobuy; c.332-c.395 A.D. (Alexander the Great annexes Egypt to his empire. Founding of Alexandria in c.332 B.C.) o Macedonian Dynasty; c.332 B.C.-c.304 B.C. o Ptolemaic Dynasty; c.304 B.C.-c.30 B.C. o under the rule of Roman and Byzantine; c.30 B.C.-639 B.C. Old Kingdom; c.2700 B.C.-c.2200 B.C. (Memphis) III-VI Dynasty *. Mastaba- imitate noble house early tombs form.*. Pyramid King and nobles tombs*Step Pyramid of* King Zoser Architect : Imhotep(Architect, doctor, noble man) Building method : cut stone GIZA : Pyramids, Giza, Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty, 2545-2450 B.C. ; Giza, Egypt. *The development of PyramidMastaba - Step Pyramid(III Dynasty) - Bent Pyramid Common Pyramid ( IV Dynasty) Middle Kingdom; c.2100 B.C.-c.1750 B.C. (Thebe) XI-XVII Dynasty (Rock-Cut Tomb) - Beni-Hasan , Mentuhotep, Beni Hasan (also written as Bani Hasan, or also Beni-Hassan) (Arabic: ) is an Ancient Egyptian cemetery site. It is located approximately 20 kilometers to the south of modern-day Minya in the region known as Middle Egypt, the area between Asyut and Memphis.1While there are some Old Kingdom burials at the site, it was primarily used during the Middle Kingdom, spanning the 21st to 17th centuries BCE (Middle Bronze Age).2To the south of the cemetery is a temple constructed by Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, dedicated to the local goddess Pakhet.3 It is known as the Cave of Artemis, because the Greeks identified Pakhet with Artemis, and the temple is subterranean. DEIR EL-BAHALI : Deir El-Bahari; Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (18th Dinasty, B.C. 1490-1468) and Mentuhotep II,III (11th Dinasty, B.C.2061-1998), Thebes, Egypt New Kingdom; c.1550 B.C.-c.1085 B.C. (Thebe) - XVIII-XX Dynasty LUXOR : Temple of Amenhotep III, 18th Dynasty, c.1370 B.C. and Temple of Ramesses II, 19th Dynasty, c.1250 B.C.; Luxor, Egypt. ABU SIMBEL : Abu Simbel Great rok temples of RamessesII, XIXth Dynasty, c.1250 B.C. relocated at 1963-72. ; Abu Simbel, Egypt. DENDERA : Temple of Hathor, Late Ptolemaic-Roman period. Dendera, Egypt. PHILAE : Temples in Island of Philae (relocated to Island of Agilkia in 1972-1980), 13th Dynasty to Roman period, c.380 B.C.-2nd century. ; Agilkia, Egypt. * obelisk: An obelisk (from Greek - obeliskos,1 diminutive of - obelos, spit, nail, pointed pillar2) is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top, and is said to resemble a petrified ray of the sun-disk. A pair of obelisks usually stood in front of a pylon. Ancient obelisks were often monolithic, whereas most modern obelisks are made of several stones and can have interior spacesObelisk were prominent in the architecture of the ancient Egyptians, who placed them in pairs at the entrance of temples* sphinx: A sphinx (Greek: /sphinx, Botian: /Phix) is a mythical creature with, as a minimum, the body of a lion and the head of a human or a catHISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTUREGIZA No.1: Pyramids, Giza, 4th Dynasty, 2545-2450 B.C. ; Giza, Egypt. The three great pyramids and six small pyramids are situated on the left bank of the Nile in Cairo. The pyramids earlier than Giza are Step pyramid of King Zoser in Saqqara (early III Dynasty), Step pyramid in Medum (III-IV Dynasty), the pyramid in Dahshur (IV Dynasty) and others. The Pyramid of Cheops, Chephren and Mycerinus from left to right. IV Dynasty; 2545-2450 B.C. The Pyramid of Cheops is 230.364m square at base, 137.18m height (originally 146m) and the incline is 51 degree .52. The Pyramid of Chephren is 215.8m square at base, 136.5m height (originally 143.5m)and the incline is 53 degree .20. The Pyramid of Mycerinus is 108.5m square at base, 66.5m height and the incline is 51 degree.HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTUREDEIR EL-BAHARI No.1: Deir El-Bahari; Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (18th Dinasty, B.C. 1490-1468) and Mentuhotep II,III (11th Dinasty, B.C.2061-1998), Thebes, Egypt For Thebes, the early Eighteenth Dynasty was a genuinely creative period in architecture. The most important building of this period, surpassing all others in originality and boldness of conception, is the terraced temple of Queen Hatshepsut on the cliff valley at Deir el Bahari.Deir el Bahari was named from the Christian monastery called northern monastery that once nestled among the ruins. In Deir el Bahari the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II (11th Dynasty) and the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty) are preserved. In 1962, the temple which had been constructed by Hatshepsut for her father Tuthmosis I (Thot-Mosis I) and herself was found between two temples. The complex of the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut is a remarkable example of the aesthetic adaptation of a building to its natural setting.It is the work of the architect Senmut, the queens favorite, and it shows a solution that takes over from the earlier model only the outward-directed effect of its open galleries and additional influences from Twelfth Dynasty architecture of the Upper Egyptian nomarchs tombs, with their numerous terraces clinging to the cliffs. The temple at Deir el Bahari served not only for her own funerary cult and that of her father Tuthmosis I and of her husband Tuthmosis II but was also dedicated to the cults of Amon, her divine begetter, and other gods. The rock-tomb of her was built by Architect Hapuseneb at the Valley of the Kings ( not the Queens!) 500m far from here with the rock-tomb of Tuthmosis I. Queen Hatshepsut was a special queen. The Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, seen from The first terrace. The design of the temple of Hatshepsut, called Djeser Djeseru or the most magnificent of the magnificent by the ancient Egyptians, is unique and avant-garde in Egyptian architecture.The temple, which faces eastwards, has a series of vast terraces continuing ochre-coloured mountain. An avenue of sphinxes which must reach to the valley temple 1km far from the temple provided access to the first terrace (forecourt).The first terrace is enclosed on the far side by a portico consisiting of 22 pillars and flanked by two Osiris pillers. The broad court was planted with palm trees and grapevines. In front of the main structure ponds fringed with papyrus were laid out on either side of the center axis. Central ramps lead to the second terrace, 8m high from first terrace, and buttressing walls are faced with colonnades of square pillars. The second ramp leads to the uppermost terrace. Reference materials; Ancient Architecture; Architecture of Egypt by Hans Wolfgang Muller, Harry N.Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York Luxor; by Casa Editrice Bonechi, Florence, Italy HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTUREKARNAK No.1: The Temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak, 12th dynasty-Ptolemaic period, c.2000 B.C.-c.220 B.C. ; Karnak, Egypt. The temple of Karnak which is located 4km north from Luxor is the largest and the most complicated architecture in Egypt. Since Middle Kingdom, Thebe was a center of cult of Amon and Karnak had become the most important sancturary of Amon-Ra in Thebe. The complex of Karnak as a center of the cult of Amon has two axises which define the composition of the world of Karnak. The axsis of the east to the west correspond with the orbit of the sun and means the sun in the heaven or real terra. The axsis of the south to the north correspond the Nile and means absolute power of the gods and pharaoh. The night view of the temple of Amon-Ra. Avenue of cryocephalous sphinxes and the first Pylon. A short avenue of cryocephlous sphinxes leads to the first and largest pylon, 113m wide and 15m thick, constituting the monumental entrance to the temple.The simple and unadorned pylon dates back to the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The temple of Amon-Ra; Avenue of cryocephalous sphinxes, west side. The sphinxes with the heads of rams, sacred to Amon, represent the god that protected the Pharaoh protrayed by animals paws. HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURELUXOR No.1: Temple of Luxor (Temple of Amenhotep III, 18th Dynasty, c.1370 B.C. and Courtyard of Ramesses II, 19th Dynasty, c.1250 B.C.); Luxor, Egypt. The temple of Luxor is located at 3km south from Karnak where the temple of Amon-Ra.The temple of Luxor was joined to that of Karnak by a long stone-paved dromos, a drome and a processional avenue, flanked by sphinxes with rams heads that the XXX Cynasty replaced with sphinxes with human heads.The construction was basically commissioned by Amenhotep III who started it in the XIV century B.C. and Ramesses(Ramses) II who completed it adding the porticoed courtyard with its axis moved eastwards. The architect was probably Amenophis son of Hotep. Temple of Luxor or Temple of Amon-Ra (Temple of Amenhotep III).The first pylon seen from the dromos. The first pylon and the colossi of Ramesses II. The first pylon was erected by Ramesses II and 65m heigh. In ancient times the pylon was preceded by two obelisks, two seated colossi and two pair of standing colossi. Today only the left obelisk is still standing. The other was taken to Paris in 1833 and placed in Place de la Concorde on the 25th October 1836.The temple is the typical style of New Kingdom temples. The entrance to the Temple of Luxor, with the courtyard of Nectanebo and the pylon of Ramesses II. The pylon, the obelisk and the first courtyard was constructed by Ramesses II. The obelisk is 25m heigh and the seated colossi of RamessesII on a base of about 1m is 15m heigh, both are made by pink granite.One of the standing colossi is Queen Nefertari and made by pink granite. HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTUREABU SIMBEL No.1: Abu Simbel Great rok temples of RamessesII, XIXth Dynasty, c.1250 B.C. relocated at 1963-72. ; Abu Simbel, Egypt. Abu Simbel, one of the important sanctuary, is located in Mubian territory, almost on the borders of Sudan and about 300km from Aswan. Faceing the Nile Tthere are the Great Temple and the Small Temple by Ramesses II. Both are the rock-cut temple or so-called inner sanctuary temple. The temples of Abu Simbel was dimantled and reconstructed for saving those might be disappear under the waters of Lake Nasser, because of the construction of New Dam of Aswan. The temples was cut into blocks and then recomposeing them on 64m higher ground in 1963 to 1968. The facade of the Great Temple. The temple was dedicatede to the triad Amon-Ra, Harmakes, Ptah and Ramesses II. The facade is 38m long and 31m high. Four colossol seated statues of Ramesses II replace the supporting columns of the facade. The facade of the Great Temple, seen from northeast. The rok-cut temple, as Abu Simbel, has not so-called exterior except facade. If the temples dont have statues, there is only entrance for the temple in exterior. We remember that architectures should have the innner space at first execpt the monument. HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTUREDENDERA No.1: Temple of Hathor, Late Ptolemaic-Roman period. Dendera, Egypt. Dendera, one of the important sanctuary of Hathor, is located 50km north from Luxor. Temple of Hathor at Dendera, with the temple of Horus at Edfu, is one of the best-preserved of the Ptolemaic temples. Temple of Hathor; The facade of the Hypostyle Hall, s