篇章翻译.docx

Nearly everyone knows the story of “the dog that chases the cat that caught the rat that ate the grain that lay in the house that Jack built.”几乎人人都知道这个故事：“杰克盖了房，房里堆了粮，耗子把粮食吃光，猫把耗子抓伤，狗又追着猫儿跑。”十五章. 篇章与长句15.1.1英汉篇章对比 15.1.2 英汉段落结构对比英语段落： First, context is very important to understanding intercultural communi- cation. There are two ways individuals use context in communication: one is low-context and the other is high-context.余华自传 年月日的中午，我出生在杭州的一家医院里，可能是妇幼保健医院，当时我母亲在浙江院，我父亲在浙江省防疫站工作。有关我出生时的情景，我的父母没有对我讲述过，在我记忆中他们总是忙忙碌碌，每天都有做不完的事，我几乎没有见过他们有空余的时间坐在一起谈谈过去，或者谈谈我，他们第二个儿子出生时的情景。我母亲曾经说起过我们在杭州时的片断，她都是带着回想的情绪去说，说我们住过的房子和周围的景色， 这对我是很重要的记忆， 我们在杭州曾经有过的短暂生活，在我童年和少年时期一直是想象中最为美好的部分。 在非洲，每天早晨羚羊睁开眼睛，所想的第一件事就是：我必须比跑的最快的狮子跑的更快，否则就会被狮子吃掉。而就在同一时刻，狮子从睡梦中醒来，首先闪现在脑海里德一个念头是：我必须能追上跑的最慢的羚羊，要不然我就会被饿死。于是几乎同时，羚羊和狮子一跃而起，迎着朝阳跑去。 生活就是这样，不论你是狮子还是羚羊，每当太阳升起的时候，都毫不迟疑的向前奔跑。英汉篇章结构对比 15.2 段内连贯 汉语重重复汉语不怕重复，如果运用得当，重复可以起反复强调的作用，这是汉语修辞的一种方法排比：延年益寿灵丹妙药长治久安时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是力量。赴汤蹈火 undertake a matter fearlessly and vigorouslygo through thick and thin She became a millionaire all by herself. 她成为一个百万富翁一个白手起家的百万富翁。 They talked of the things they longed for of meat and of hot soup and of the richness of butter. 他们谈到了他们所渴望的那些东西谈到了肉类，谈到了热汤，谈到了黄油的丰富营养。 语篇的衔接 指代词语具有照应的功能，理解这类词语的所指， 必须靠上下文中其他词语的所指。汉英的语篇衔接手段在使用上有所不同，汉语侧重采用不同的词汇和结构手段取得语篇的连贯性，更多借助于重复和省略。而英语除了重复外，多借助代词。因此为了加强译文的连贯性，英译汉时需要在汉语译文时灵活译出英语原文的代词。 词汇衔接 Personal Reference 人称照应 third person pronouns;indefinite pronouns：some, any, each, both; definite pronouns：much, many, few, little, etc.Freud, too, was becoming impatient with the gang. Stekel（斯特克尔）, whose ideas concerning dream symbolism he had enthusiastically embraced, was now an embarrassment. 弗洛伊德也开始变得对“这帮人”不耐烦，弗洛伊德曾经狂热地拥护斯特克尔有关梦的象征主义的观点，如今觉得后者成了令他难堪的人。The boy, who was crying as his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had had no food for two days. 那男孩哭的心都要碎了，我问他时，他说已经两天没吃东西，实在饿极了。With his invention of the stroboscopic flash（闪光灯）in the early 1930s, MIT（麻省理工学院） engineer Harold Edgerton（哈罗德埃杰顿）was able to photograph events previously too quick to capture including his famous picture of a milk drops splash in 1957. Though majestic in appearance, the splash is only half an inch across.麻省理工学院工程师哈罗德埃杰顿在20世纪30年代初发明了闪光灯，并因此能够拍下一些以前因为转瞬即逝而无法捕捉下来的镜头。其中包括他那张摄于1957年的著名照片溅起的一滴牛奶。尽管看上去很壮观，但这滴溅起的牛奶直径仅半英寸。年轻的时候有贼心没贼胆，等到老了，贼心贼胆都有了，贼又没了。 一声叹息When I was young, I had a thiefs heart and not a thiefs nerve. When I was older, I had both. But then the thief was gone. 古往今来，“时间”对人来说是个最难捉摸的东西。世上每人每天都有着等量的时间24小时。 Time is one of the greatest riddles of the ages. Every one in the world has the same amount of ittwenty-four hourseach day. 昨日之日不可留，一去不复返了，而明天，也许要使人们期待着永远也盼不来。这就是说，每个活着的人就只能掌握“今天”只能掌握此时、此刻。 Yes, yesterday is gone, tomorrow may never comeso every living person has today, this hour, this minute at his disposal. Demonstrative Reference 指示照应 Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福。I hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，适合穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫.Comparative References 比较照应 15.2.2省略英語: 按語法形式 省略形式: 所有格、形容词、介词等后面的名词; 助动词、不定式等后面的动词；联系动词后面的表语；主谓一致时的主语或谓语等。汉语按语境省略：主语、领属语、中心语、关联词和动词谓语等。Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨。 15.3.长句的翻译八级试题、考研所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念；而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。在翻译长句时，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理。无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。1.要弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思。2. 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系。3. 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式，正确地译出原文的意思，不必拘泥于原文的形式。进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中，我们一般采取下列的方法：1）顺序法当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。“Stop the thief! Stop the thief!” There is a magic in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, and the car man his wagon; the butcher throws down his tray, the baker his basket, the milkman his pail, the errand-boy his parcels, the schoolboy his marbles, the pavior his pickaxe, the child his battledore. 1）顺序法“Stop the thief! Stop the thief!” There is a magic in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, and the car man his wagon; the butcher throws down his tray, the baker his basket, the milkman his pail（桶）, the errand-boy his parcels, the schoolboy his marbles, the pavior his pickaxe（锄）, the child his battledore（球拍）. “捉贼！捉贼！”这声音里有种魔力。商人离开了柜台，赶车的离开了车子，屠夫扔下盘子，面包师放下篮子，挤牛奶的放下提桶，杂役放下包裹，小学生丢下弹子，铺路工人丢下尖锄，小孩丢下球拍。1）顺序法Evenwhenweturnoffthebedsidelampandarefastasleep,electricityisworkingforus,drivingourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsairconditioned.即使在我们关掉了床头灯酣然入梦时，电仍在为我们工作：帮我们开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。 Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise.要注意减少人们处于连续强噪音之中的时间。1）顺序法He had a set of little tools and saws of various sizes manufactured by himself. With the aid of these, Issac contrived to make many curious articles, at which he worked with so much skill, that he seemed to have been born with a saw or chisel in his hand.艾萨克有一套自制的小工具和各种尺寸的锯子。由于这些工具，加之手很巧，他造出许多罕见的东西，好像他天生就会用锯或凿子似的。2 逆序法Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。 2 逆序法They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship. 他往常做礼拜的时候，总坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他们发现他不坐老位置了。(时间顺序重新安排)3 重新安排次序Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouse open while he counted.原句顺序：亚里士多德本来能够避免这个错误认识，即女人的牙齿比男人少些；他只要用这个简单的方法：就是请亚里士多德夫人张开嘴巴，让他来数就行了。试比较：亚里士多德本来能够避免这个错误认识，即女人的牙齿比男人少些；他只要用这个简单的方法：就是请亚里士多德夫人张开嘴巴，让他来数就行了。亚里士多德错认为女人的牙齿比男人少，其实，他只要请自己的夫人张开口让他数数，本是可以避免这个错误的。（逻辑关系）Summary 常用翻译技巧/方法安排第一：翻译的性质第二：翻译的历史第三：词汇的翻译 第四：翻译的标准第五：翻译的种类第六：增译法 2 + 1 = 2 (加词不加意)第七：省略法 2 一1 = 2 (减词不减意)第八： 被动语态的翻译第九： 正反翻译法第十： 科技英语的翻译第十一：习语的翻译第十二：定语从句译法第十三：篇章衔接第十四：长句的翻译1. Introduction of TranlationWhat is translation?Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. III. Translation of words1.完全音译 Humor幽默Romantic浪漫2. 解释 a throwaway society一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会 社会主义的现代化强国 a modern, powerful socialist country V. Criteria for Translation VI.Types of Translation 一败涂地 Crushing defeat东山再起 stage a comeback VII. Amplification搭配性增词 A red sun rose slowly from the sea. 一轮红日从海面冉冉升起。Sino-British links have multiplied political, commercial, educational, cultural,defense,science and technology.中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的交往成倍地增加。 结构性增词I am looking forward to the holidays.盼望假期的到来Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受热就会汽化。解释性增词 Like a son of Bacchus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath.他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。VIII. 被动语态动作