新概念2-4.doc

Lesson 4 An exciting tripListening comprehension 1 Introduce the story T：Today well listen to a story about a trip to Australia. 2 Listening objective T：Listen to the story and see if you can answer this question: Q:Why is Tim finding this trip exciting? A: This is his first trip abroad.4 Play the tape or read the story Play the tape or read the story again, pausing after every sentence to check the students understand. 5 Play the tape or read the story again The students listen only. 6 Repetition Play the tape or read the story again, pausing after every sentence, and ask the students to repeat. 7 Reading aloud 8 Tell the story 1 just - letter - brother - Tim 2 in Australia 3 there - six months 4 Tim - engineer 5 big firm - already - number - places 6 bought - Australian car - Alice Springs small town - centre7 soon - Darwin 8 From there - fly - Perth 9 never before - trip - exciting Key to Summary writing The writer. has just received a letter from his brother, Tim. Tim is an engineer. He has been in Australia for six months. He has already visited many places. Now he is in Alice Springs：Tim has never been abroad before. He is enjoying his trip very much. (48 words) Key structures：The present perfect simple 现在完成时a The present perfect is used to describe an action which：现在完成时表示i. Took place at an indefinite past time (the exact time is not important and riot given), but whose effects are still evident in the present：动作发生在过去的某个时间（确切的时间并不重要，也不会给出），但其对于现在的影响仍然十分明显，例如I have read the letter, but I dont understand it. ii. Began in the past and still continues (or has only just finished). It is often used with for + a period of time or since + a point of time (see KS 28)：动作开始于过去，现在仍在继续或刚刚结束。这时经常与for+一段时间或since+时间点一起使用。例如He has been there for six months (and is still there). 表示他现在仍然在那里He has never been abroad before (i. e. until now; he has just gone). 表示他现在出国了，此前一直没有出过国。Compare：比较：He has never been abroad (not in the past and not now). 表示他过去和现在都没有出过国。iii. Has just been completed：动作刚被完成 例如I have just received a letter from my brother. iv. Involves the use of already in affirmative statements and yet in negative statements and questions：already用于肯定句中， yet用于否定句和疑问句中，例如He has (already) visited a great number of places (already). Note the alternative positions of already：注意already的两种位置The train hasnt arrived yet. Has she arrived yet? Hasnt he come yet? b Note the contrast between have gone and have been：注意have gone和have been的区别He has gone to Alice Springs (i.e. he is there or is on his way there). 表示他在那里或正在去那里的路上He has been to Alice Springs (i. e. he was there once, but he is not there now). 表示他曾经去过那里，但他现在已经不在那里补充1：现在完成时1 动词形式Be型 have/has been Have型 have/has had Do型 have/has worked2 用法表示说话前某一时刻发生的动作之结果对现在的影响。例如 I have already sent him a Christmas card.我已经给他寄去了圣诞卡。（影响是他可能不久就可以收到了。） She has lost her pencil box.她遗失了钢笔盒。（影响是现在她没有铅笔盒） They have just bought a new house.他们刚买了一幢新房。（影响是他们有新房子住了）表示不确定的过去时间状语如already,just,yet常用于现在完成时表示从过去某一段时间持续到说话时为止的动作或状态。常与for+时间段或since+某时间点的时间状语连用。例如 We have learned English for about three years.我们学英语大约三年了。 They have stayed in this hotel since last Tuesday.自上星期二以来，他们一直住在这里。 He has been in the army for four years.他在部队四年了。表示从过去某一时间到说话时这一过程中动作发生次数的总和。 We have built many overpasses in the city in the past three years.在过去三年中我们在这个大城市里造了许多立交桥。 I have read about twenty pages this morning.今天上午我已经读了近二十页。 They have done a lot of work since they came here.自从他们到这儿以来，他们做了大量的工作。表示从过去某一时间到说话这段时间中反复发生的动作。例如 He has always walked to school.他一直步行上班 He has often come to see the old man.他常来看这位老太太。在时间状语从句中谓语动词用现在完成时代替将来完成时。例如 Mother wont let her watch TV until she has done her homework.母亲要她做完作业才让她看电视。 The dinner party will begin after all the guests have arrived.所有的客人到了以后，宴会将开始。补充2：瞬时动词与持续性动词1瞬时动词表示短暂、不能持续一段时间的动作，如come,go leave,start,begin,become,receive,Die,而持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作，如work,stay,live,learn等常用的瞬时动词和持续性动词：leave平 be away(离开),borrow keep(借),buy have(买)，fall ill be ill(生病),catch a cold have a cold(患感冒),join the army be in the army(参军)2瞬时动词用于现在完成时表示动作的完成。例如He has just left. They have arrived here. The play has begun.3.瞬时动词不能与for+时间段连用表示动作的持续性，应改用持续性动词。例如（）I have bought a calculator.（）I have bought a calculator for a week.（）I have had the calculator for a week.但瞬时动词的否定结构可以与for+时间段连用，说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间。I havent met my tacher of English for a year.4持续性动词的现在完成时/瞬时动词的现在完成时（否定式）+sinceWe have stayed in this school since we came to the city.They havent met each other since we left school.5It is+时间段+sinceIt is two days since he left for America.6瞬时动词与持续性动词用于till/until结构。语法 Grammar in use1现在完成时与现在进行时现在完成时的时间概念有时是不确定的。（cf. 第1册第8388课）我们所关心的是现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的副词（如ago, yesterday等）连用。经常和现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语有：before（now）（在此以前）；so far（到目前为止）；up to now （直到现在）；just（刚刚）；already（已经）；lately（最近）；now（现在）；疑问句和否定句中常用ever, yet, never, not ever等。现在进行时经常用于表示在短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况，因此往往不需要和时间状语连用。试比较：Have you washed the dishes yet?你洗过碟子了吗？Im washing them now.我正在洗。I have just made the cakes.我刚做好这些蛋糕。I am making cakes.我在做蛋糕。I have alreay written a letter to Dan.我已经给丹写了封信。I am writting a letter.我在写信。Henry has never been to Germany before.亨利以前从没有去过德国。He is visiting Berlin.他正在柏林观光。现在完成时与一般过去时（1）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作的结果和对目前的影响，而一般过去时强调动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在没有联系。I have just had breakfast.我刚吃过早饭I had breakfast a moment ago.我是刚才吃的早饭I have finished my homework.我已经完成作业I finished my homework in the classroom after school.我是放学后在教室里完成作业的。（2）现在完成时表示的持续状态强调持续到说话时为止，与现在有联系，而一般过去时表示的持续状态强调过去某段时间的经历，与现在没有联系。The Greens have stayed in China for year.格林一家已经在中国待了一年。The Greens stayed in China for a year during the war.战争期间格林一家在中国待过一年。（3）区别现在完成时和一般过去时的关键是看句中谓语动词表示的动作或状态是否与现在有联系。现在完成时常常与包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如this summer,this month,today,in the past few years.比较：I have done many exercises this morning.上午我已做了许多练习。（说话时还在上午） I did many exercises this morning.今天上午我做了许多练习。（说话时在下午或晚上）2同位语 (Appositives)一个名词（或短语等）与另一个名词（或短语）并列而作为其说明或限定成分时称为同位语。同位语与它所补充说明的成分之间用逗号隔开。课文中有两句话含有同位语：I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.我刚刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信。（Tim是my brother的同位语。它们指的是同一个人。Tim用来补充说明my brother的名字）He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.他刚买了一辆澳大利亚小汽车，现在去了澳大利亚中部的小镇艾利斯斯普林斯。（在这句话中 a small town in the centre of Australia是Alice Springs的同位语，补充说明这是个多大的镇子，在什么地方）在译成汉语时，同位语或者插入主句中，或者另译为一句，很少像英语中那样用逗号隔开。请参阅课文中两个句子的译文。同位语如果太长，可以另译为一句。如课文中第二个例句的后半部分可以译为：“现在去了艾利斯斯普林斯。这是澳大利亚中部的一个小镇。”同位语的其他例子如：This is John, one of my best friends.这位是约翰。他是我最好的朋友之一。Mrs. Smith, my neighbour, has never been abroad.我的邻居史密斯夫人从来没有出过国。Lesson 4 An exciting trip 激动人心的旅行 5 词汇学习 Word study1receive vt.（1）接到，收到，得到：When did you receive that letter?你什么时候收到那封信的？Susan received a gift/card this morning.今天上午苏珊收到了一份礼物一张卡。receive是“收到”，指的是一个被动的动作，主观上接受与不接受并不清楚。take则是主动地“拿”、“取”：He told me to take the keys from his pocket.他让我从他口袋里把钥匙拿出来。I received a beautiful pen from my uncle. My brother took it from me yesterday.我叔叔给了我一枝漂亮的钢笔。昨天我弟弟把笔拿走了。（2）招待，接待：You need a large room if you are going to receive so many guests.如果你要接待这么多客人，你就需要一个大房间。We usually receive guests on Saturday.我们通常星期六招待宾客。2different adj. (名词为difference)（1）不同的，相异的（经常与from连用）：Desks are different from tables.书桌与桌子不一样。My room is different form yours.我的房间与你的不同。We are planning something different this year.我们今年有不同的打算。（2）各种各样的，不同的：He has visited many different places in China. 他去过中国的不少地方。This department store sells a large number of different things.这家百货商店出售许多各种各样的东西。课文详注 Further notes on the text1He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. （他）正在为一家大公司工作，并且已经去过澳大利亚的不少地方了。（1） work for指“在上班任职”：Where d