高考英语总复习语法专项非谓语动词1.doc

非谓语动词是指不充当谓语的动词形式, 主要有: 动词不定式, 分词(现在分词和过去分词), 动名词. 有关非谓语动词的概述参看 “语法框架”中 “非谓语动词”部分动词不定式一.形式: 动词不定式的一般式是to do, 另外还有一些变化形式如下表:主动被动一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing X完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doingX二.动词不定式在句中的作用: 作主语, 宾语, 宾语补足语, 表语, 定语, 状语1.作主语:.不定式作主语时, 谓语动词用单数a. To smoke is a bad habit.b. To know is one thing; to do is another.不定式做主语时, 通常将不定式后移, 而在其位置上用形式主语ita. It is polite to write to your host and say “Thank you.”b. It is the custom in France to shake hands a lot.2.作宾语:.不定式通常作动词的宾语, 也能作少数介词的宾语a. We want to learn some body language.b. I dont know what to do next.在but(除了) / except (除了)等少数介词的后面, 可以用带to的不定式作宾语, 但如果but / except前有实义动词do的某个形式时, 则but / except后的不定式省略toa. I had no choice but to work hard.b. There is nothing left to do but lie down and sleep.3.作宾补:.跟不定式作宾补的动词常见的有: advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, get, force, invite, expect, order, permit, persuade, require, want, warn, teach, wish等a. Body language helps you to communicate with foreigners.b. Would you like me to help you?c. Do you want me to find out the phone number?.有些及物动词(主要是感官动词和使役动词)后用不定式作宾补时, 不定式的符号to要省略, 这类及物动词如: let, make, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, watch, have等. 变成被动语态时, 省略的to要加出a. I heard him go downstairs very early that morning.b. The workers were made to work long hours by the boss.4.作表语a. Our work is to clean the windows.b. My advice is not to drink any more.5.作定语:.不定式作定语时要后置a. Children, I have something to tell you.b. I am very busy; I have some letters to write.动词不定式作定语时, 其中的动词与被修饰词在逻辑上有主谓关系, 动宾关系或同位关系. 如果是动宾关系, 则要求不定式动词是及物的, 否则, 要在不定式动词后加上适当的介词a. He is always the first one to get up.b. Every morning she would bring him the papers to read.6.作状语:.不定式作状语时多表示目的, 原因, 结果等a. He got up very early to catch the first bus.b. We eat to live; we dont live to eat.c. We woke up only to find everybody gone.d. We are glad to hear of your success.e. They jumped with joy to see him back.不定式作结果或程度状语时常见的五种搭配是: soas to/ suchas to/ enoughto/ tooto/ only toa. Tom was so foolish as to tell lies to the police.b. I am such a fool as to think that he is warm-hearted.c. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have.d. It was too late to catch a bus after the party, therefore we called a taxi.e. He arrived at the station, only to find the train had left.三.使用动词不定式时应注意的问题:1.动词不定式省略符号to的情况:.在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式省略to(参看上文).在一些固定结构中,.动词不定式省略to, 如: rather than do sth, would rather do sth, had better do sth, why not do sth.a. Rather than ride on a crowed bus, he always prefers a bicycle.b. Why not go out for a walk ?c. I would rather play football than basketball.当两个并列的带to的不定式由and或or连接时, 第二个不定式的符号to可以省略a. I intend to call on him and discuss the question again.b. She asked you to call or write to her on Sunday.c. I havent decided to go home or to stay at school this summer.2.动词不定式位于某些形容词之后, 构成以下句型: S + be + adj. + to do. 在此句型中, 句子主语与不定式动词do有两种关系:.句子主语与不定式动词是逻辑主谓关系a. They were eager to know everything about China.b. I am sorry to keep you waiting.句子主语与不定式动词是逻辑动宾关系, 这时, 如果不定式动词是不及物, 则需加上适当的介词a. The question is easy to answer.b. The chair is very comfortable to sit on.3.疑问词(除why以外) + to do常含有“应该如何如何”之意, 可替换成相应的名词从句a. Would you tell us what to do now? (=Would you tell us what we should do now?)b. Can you tell me where to get the book ? ( =Can you tell me where I should get the book ?)4.作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时, 动词不定式常常省略to之后的内容, 而保留toa. Did you go to see the Great Wall ? No, I wanted to, but there wasnt time.b. He wanted to go to Beidaihe, but he wasnt able to.5.不定式的完成式在plan, hope, expect, would like等之后, 表示事实上没有实现的行为a. He planned to have gone abroad. 他原计划出国(但事实上没有去)b. I hoped to have seen her. 我原希望见到她的(但事实上没见到)c. I would like to have had your help. 我本想得到你的帮助的(实际上我没有得到)d. The enemy expected to have found him. 敌人本来指望找到他(实际上没找到)6.动词不定式的复合结构: for / of sb to do sth. 其中sb是不定式