n.从句.doc

名词性从句一、概念：连接带词和连接副词等引导的从句在句中充当名词的作用，称为名词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接连词：that, whether, if , as if ,because不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.连接副词：when, where, how, why一）主语从句That she was chosen made us very happy.that引导的从句充当主语， 我们称在句中充当主语的从句为主语从句。What cause the accident is a complete mystery.What 引导的从句充当主语Whoever comes to the party will receive a present. It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today.注 有时为了句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it 做形式主语，而把从句放在后面。二）表语从句（引导词有where,whether,who, that, which, whoever, whatever, whichever , when,.)The fact is that they are cross with each other.从上面中可以看出，that 引导的从句充当表语，我们称that引导的从句为表语从句 The reason is that you dont trust her.Thats how I look at itThats why I object to the plan.The coat is where you left it.三）宾语从句。（that, whether, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when , wherever, where, why , how, because）He said that he didnt want to know从上句可以看出that引导的从句充当句子的宾语。我们称之为宾语从句。She explained that she was late because of the heavy traffic.He asked me how I was getting along with my studies.注：有时要用it做形式宾语，而把宾语从句放在句子的后面。He has made it clear that he will not give in.You may depend on it that they are valuable.2) do you think /believe/suppose /expect / imagine 后接特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，疑问词要放在句首。 What do you think is going on outside?四) 同位语从句一般位于名词的后面（fact, news, idea ,truth, hope, problem, information, suggestion, advice.引导词一般用that, 少数情况下会用（whether, if, who, which, what, where ）. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.从上面中可以看出，that引导的从句对前面的名词起说明或解释的作用。而且，引导的从句也相当于名词的作用，他的作用与 idea 相同，所以我们称之为同位语从句。They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.二、名词性从句的变法：因为名词性从句的功能相当于名词的功能，因此首先要会将陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句转换成名词：1、陈述句陈述句要转换成名词, 直接在句首加 “ that”。例: Shed appreciate it if we all helped out of a bit more. (陈述句) _2、一般疑问句一般疑问句通常表示的是对所提问题不知道是肯定还是否定的答案。因此一般疑问句要转换成名词,首先在句首加if或者whether, 表“是否”，再把疑问语序转换成陈述语序。例: Can you help me? ( 一般疑问句) _3、特殊问句特殊问句要转换成名词，首先疑问词要保留，再把疑问词后面的疑问语序转换成陈述语序。 例: What have you said? (特殊问句) What you have said.在经过上述变换之后这些陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句就不再是个句子,而转换成了名词。将转换了的名词运用到基本句型当中,分别充当主语,宾语,表语和同位语。1、陈述句转换的名词用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。He will come tomorrow. That he will come tomorrow. (名词)1) 做主语：That he will come tomorrow is true.陈述句转换成名词做主语(that 是句子变成名词的标志，因此不能省略.)2) 做宾语：a) 做动词宾语I heard (that) he would come tomorrow.陈述句转换成名词做宾语(that在宾语从句中可以省略)b) 做介词宾语：只有少数几个介词后可直接跟由that转换的名词做宾语.除in that 外, 还有besides that, but that, except that, save that. 例如:Nothing would satisfy the baby but that I put her on my lap.She knew nothing about his journey except that he was likely to be away for two weeks.c) 某些形容词后：由that 转换的名词常跟在 “be+形容词”后面，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带感情色彩. 例如:I am afraid (that) you are wrong in this point.He is quite confident (that) he will pass the examination.I feel very happy (that) you can come to our party.常见的这类形容词还有: amazed, astonished, aware, certain, delighted, glad, grateful, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprise等。3) 做表语：This is that he will come tomorrow.陈述句转换成名词做表语(that不可以省略)4) 做同位语：The news that he will come tomorrow is true.陈述句转换成名词做同位语2. 一般疑问句转换的名词用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。Will he come tomorrow? If/Whether he will come tomorrow. (名词)1) 做主语：Whether he will come tomorrow is true.一般疑问句转换成名词做主语(if转换的名词不能用做主语.)2) 做宾语：a) 动词宾语I dont know whether/if he will come tomorrow.一般疑问句转换成名词做宾语(if转换的名词可以用做动词宾语)b) 介词宾语：It all depends on whether he will come tomorrow.一般疑问句转换成名词做介词的宾语(if转换的名词不可以用做介词的宾语)3) 做表语：My question is whether he will come tomorrow.一般疑问句换成名词做表语(if转换的名词不能用做表语)4)做同位语：The news whether he will come tomorrow is unknown.一般疑问句转换成名词做同位语3. 特殊疑问句转换的名词用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。When will he come? When he will come. (名词)1) 做主语When he will come tomorrow is unknown.特殊疑问句转换成名词做主语2) 做宾语I dont know when he will come tomorrow.特殊疑问句转换成名词做宾语3) 做表语My question is when he will come tomorrow.特殊疑问句转换成名词做表语4) 做同位语The question when he will come tomorrow is true.特殊疑问句转换成名词做同位语通过上述讲解，可以看到陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句转换的名词可分别用来做主语、宾语、表语和同位语。又因为这些转换的名词分别由句子而来，所以他们就叫主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。三、考察名词性从句的四个方面。1、名词性从句要使用陈述句语序。在名词性从句中，主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，名词性从句均要使用陈述句语序。No one will be sure what man will look like in a million years.Do you know how much money he spent? Do you know what happened?2选词1) that 与what:that 所引导的从句中不从当任何成分.what 在它所引导从句中充当的是主语或是宾语或是表语. What ( he needs) is money.I forgot (that) my research paper was due on Tuesday and that my teacher had said he would not accept late papers.从上面 what 引导的从句中可以看出, 从句中缺少宾语.因此用what2) if 和whether whether或if引导的宾语从句，从句意思为“是否，能否”，这里的if从句不可混淆于以if (如果，假如)引导的条件状语从句。Whether 引导主语从句，表语从句和宾语从句。而if 只能引导宾语从句。如： He asked if (whether) you have received his letter. 他问你是否收到了他的来信。This depends on whether he is interested (or not). 这得看他是否感兴趣。注意：在宾语从局中，介词后的宾语从句须用whether引导，不可用if引导。【提示】a. whether可构成whether.or not或whether or not.结构，在非常不正式的场合下，也可能有if.or not结构，但无if or not.结构。I dont know whether come or not.3)Who 和 whoever。 Whoeverany who ，whoever不仅在从句中充当主语，而且充当主句的主语。而who 只能充当从句的主语。 Whoever save the girl is worth praising. Who won the match has no difference to me.4)What 和whatever。What 和 whatever都在从句中充当的是主语，宾语和表语。Whatever 比what的语气要强烈些。Whatever= any that what 表示什么的，而whatever表示任何的。 What I need is money. You cant give whatever he wants.that 和why.that 表示原因时，引导表语从句。而why引导的从句充当reason 的定语。The reason for his absense is that he is ill.The reason why he left school is that his family is poor.注意：Because 一般不引导表语从句，除了下面的结构中 this is because / that is because.3同位语从句与定语从句的区别。that 引导名词性从句时，在句子中不充当任何成分。 而that 引导定语从句中充当的是主语或宾语。The news that Mr.Brown will be our new English teacher is true 从句that引导的 从句中，可以看出该从句不缺少任何成分。The news that he told me yesterday is true.I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very richThe mother made a promise that pleased all her children.从句中，可以看出that的从句缺少主语，因此that 引导的是定语从句。 The robot will do everything that we human do.4宾语从句的时态 (在宾语从句中的时态是前面用什么时态，后面就用什么时态。除了宾语从句表的是自然规律用一般现在时。 The teacher told us that the moon travels around the moon. 月亮围绕地球转，是客观事实。 Im certain (that) he is at home now. He made it clear that he didnt like the job.从上面的例句中可以看出，宾语从句后面前面要保持一致。注名词性从句的语气在 It is adj that 引导的 从句中，从句中的谓语动词用should+原形动词表虚拟语气，且should 可以省略。It is necessary that the problem should be settled at onceIt is strange that he should have gone away without telling us.练习：1. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice.A . What B . Why C . Where D . Which 2. _ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.A. ThatB. WhatC. WhetherD. Where 3. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. A. ThatB. WhatC. WhetherD. Where4. _ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. A. No matter whatB. Mo matter whichC. WhateverD. Whichever 5. _makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.A. WhatB. Who C. WhateverD. Whoever 6. It is none of your business _other people think about you. Believe yourself.A. how B. what C. which D. when 7. _he had passed the exam surprised everyone. A. That B. What C. /D. Whether 8. _in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account. A. What is required B. What requires C. It is requiredD. It requires9. The traditional view is _we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. A. when B. why C. whether D. that 10. Why not try our luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are. A. where B. what C. when D. why 11. See the flags on top of the building? That was _we did this morning. A. when B. which C. where D. what 12. One advantage of playing the guitar is _it can give you a great deal of pleasure. A. howB. why C. that D. when 13. Dont you think it necessary that he _to Miami but to Mew York?-I agree, but the problem is _he has refused toA. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what 14. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _it was 20 years ago, _it was so poorly equipped. A. what; when B. that; whichC. what whichD. which; that15. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make _it is. A. what B. which C. how D. where16. Having checked the doors were closed, and _all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. A. why B. that C. when D. where17. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning _his teammates had done. A. what B. which C. whyD. while18. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _to help him. A. you will come B. will you comeC. you comeD. do you come 19. The poor young man is ready to accept _help he can get. A. whicheverB. however C. whatever D. whenever 20.-What did your parents think about your decision? -They always let me do _I think I should.A. when B. that C. how D. what 21. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _he was a man of action. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 22. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize _silly mistakes I had made. A. what B that C. how D. whic