专题——定语从句.doc

年 级初三学 科英语版 本上海牛津版内容标题寒假专题（三）编稿老师郑月【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：寒假专题（三）学习过程定语从句（一）限定性定语从句1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句6. when引导定语从句表示时间，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格（二）非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。We arrived the day that (on which) they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。3. 有时as也可用作关系代词4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物（三）关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中作主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 如果在从句中作宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?注意介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.（五）判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对）Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既作了主句的表语，又可作从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。（六）难点分析限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1. 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用whoAny man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）一、请找出下列各句中的错误并加以改正1. This is the factory where we visited last week.2. This is the watch for which Tom is looking.3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two.4. The house in that we live is very small.5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for plants to grow.6. Ive read all the books which I borrowed from the library.7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.8. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.9. Everything which we saw was of great interest.10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died.11. The reason which he didnt go to school is that he was ill.12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands.13. The boy, his mother died last year, studies very hard.14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors.15. Were going to visit the school where your brother works there.16. He is the only one of the students who have been invited to the English Evening.17. That is the way which they work.18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice.19. Who is the man who has white hairs?20. I will never forget the days which we had a good time together at the sea.二、单项填空1. Dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure. A. which B. whatC. asD. those2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?A. thatB. whereC. in whichD. the one3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?A. thatB. whereC. whichD. the one4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?A. thatB. whereC. whichD. the one5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found.A. thatB. whereC. in whichD. in that6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice.A. at whichB. on thatC. in whichD. of what7. This book will show you _ can be used in other contextsA. how you have observedB. what you have observedC. that you have observedD. how that you have observed8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine.A. becauseB. whyC. thatD. whether9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week.A. all whichB. thatC. all thatD. which10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old.A. whoseB. of whichC. in whichD. on which11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing.A. asB. thatC. whichD. what12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry.A. whichB. itC. thatD. what13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that14. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister.A. who is singingB. is singingC. sangD. was singing15. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.A. learnB. whoC. that learnsD. who learn16. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out.A. that againstB. who againstC. who is againstD. who are against17. Didnt you see the man _?A. I nodded just nowB. whom I nodded just nowC. I nodded to him just nowD. I nodded to just now18. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day?A. that you talkedB. you talked about itC. which you talked withD. you talked about19. Is there anything _ to you?A. that is belongedB. that belongsC. that belongD. which b