地大北京考博2011英语题.doc

11C H I N A U N I V E R S I T Y O F G E O S C I E N C E SPhD Entrance Examination in English16 April 2011LISTEN TO THIS! Good morning! You are about to take the English test for people who wish to enter one of the doctoral programs at this university. The test may be rather different from any exam youve taken in the past. The first part is a timed listening exercise. The other three sections test your knowledge of grammar, elementary writing skills and basic vocabulary, plus your reading ability. You can have as much time as you like for the last three parts of the test - within reason, of course. The test has four sections. The answers for parts 1, 2 and 3 (in other words, every part except 4) should be marked on your answer sheet. The answers for part 4 should be written directly on the pages for that part of the exam. Make sure you READ AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS for each part of the test! The use of dictionaries (printed or electronic) is ABSOLUTELY FORBIDDEN. The results of this exam will enable us to compare your preparation in English with that of the other candidates. The “passing” grade is relative; in other words, it will depend on the scores for the whole body of test-takers. Just relax and do as well as you can. We shall now begin. Turn the page to part 1. Good luck!PART 2 Each question in this part consists of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined. The four underlined parts are marked A, B, C or D. Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter found under that part in the proper space on your answer sheet.If the four underlined parts are all good English and there is no error in the sentence, then write E in the space on your answer sheet. REMEMBER! You always have FIVE possible choices: A, B, C, D or E (= no error).1Although there has been a great deal of construction at the university in the last few years, A Bbut the campus still feels fairly open and uncluttered. C D2Im sure youll agree that when a person is as ambitious as Li Fei, no one can stop him A B Cto achieve his career objectives. D3The China government has announced its intention to double the countrys investment A Bin research on solar power over the next three years. C D4As you can tell from how animated he is, Charles is not tired enough to go to bed yet. He wouldnt A B Csleep if he goes to bed now. D5Ordinarily Professor Ling is a perfectly reasonable man, so I dont understand why he is being so A B Cstubborn in this case. D6Her advisor persuaded her to remain at Nanjing University to do her doctorate, but she decided to A Bapply to the postgraduate division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences instead. C D7Just as one needs a J.D. to become a lawyer in America, one must obtain a M.D. in order to A Bqualify as a physician, though the degree is not the only requirement. C D8We are undertaking a survey to evaluate the extent to which the educational system that exists in A BChina today answers the needs of society. C D9Even as a child I was not a great fan of cartoon, but my daughter watches them whenever she can, A B Cwith no apparent ill effects on her attitude or her performance at school. D10Comparing with other Asian countries, China suffers from the greatest gap between its A B Cdevelopment needs and its actual water resources. D11When I put the beautifully decorated gift canister into Mr Kangs hands, he thanked me A Beffusively for sending him such high-quality tea. C D12The number of people buying private autos is still rising rapidly, therefore the effect of the Agovernments ongoing efforts to cut air pollution remains open to question. B C D13Since the data from the experiments are not easy to be analysed, it will be several weeks before we A B Cknow whether we are free to proceed with the second part of our research program. D14Once you have finished reading these documents from our consultant, we would like to have your A opinion regarding the value of the advices received so far. B C D15I thought that Professor Liebermanns speech at the farewell banquet was very marvelous, A Band so did most of the other people there, to judge from the vigorous applause it received. C DPART 3. Read the two articles below carefully and completely. (The paragraphs are numbered to help you find items.) Then answer the questions that follow. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the texts. Check this vocabulary list before you begin the articles.VOCABULARYanimal husbandry: the skills involved in raising animals on farmsantibiotic: (a drug) used to kill bacteria and cure infectionsa beagle: a kind of intelligent medium-sized doga bonanza: a lucky situation that allows one to make a lot of moneya bounty: a reward (payment) for finding someone or somethingto breed: to reproduce, or to cause to reproducea bug (US colloquial): insectto devastate: to cause immense harm or damageto discard: to throw awayto dispose of: get rid ofempirical: based on scientific experiment and testingto exterminate: to kill something abundant (especially for money)a fix (colloquial): a solution, especially a convenient oneto follow suit: to behave in the same wayimmune: biologically unable to catch a disease; totally resistantitchy: making one want to rub or scratch with ones fingernailsjudicious: prudent, wisely carefullaissez-faire: rule-freeliability: legal responsibility for somethinglitigation: formally taking claims or complaints to a court for settlementa litter: a group of young animals born together from one motherlivestock: cattlea mattress: the part of a bed that one sleeps onmerchandise: what merchants sella microbe (adj. microbial): a living thing only viewable under a microscopea mutation: a change in the genetic structure of a plant or animalto out someone/something: to reveal someone/something (as something embarrassing)a pest: a highly undesirable animal or plantpoultry: chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys raised for meat and eggsquarterly: every three monthsto recoup: regain, get back, win backa regimen: a special plan for giving or taking something (over time)revenue: incomea scourge: something that causes a great deal of harmto sniff: to smell by using short deep breaths through the nosea sow: a mother pigto be at stake: to be in danger of being lost or ruineda stigma: lasting embarrassmenta strain: a biological variety or typea suit: the legal action of suing someone in courttherapeutic: healing, or useful in healingto trigger: to make something happen, and very quicklyveterinary: pertaining to animal medicinea welt: a raised area on the skin, often red the bodys reaction to, say, a bee stinga windfall: unexpected and unearned profitARTICLE A1. For more than 50 years microbiologists in the US and Europe have warned against using antibiotics to fatten up farm animals. The practice, they argue, threatens human health by turning farms into breeding grounds of drug-resistant bacteria. Farmers responded that restricting antibiotics in livestock would devastate the industry and significantly raise costs to consumers. We now have empirical data that should resolve this debate. Since 1995 Denmark has enforced progressively tighter rules on the use of antibiotics in the raising of pigs, poultry and other livestock. In the process, it has shown that it is possible to protect human health without hurting farmers.2. Farmers in many countries use antibiotics in two key ways: (1) at full strength to treat animals that are sick and (2) in low doses to fatten meat-producing livestock or to prevent veterinary illnesses. (It is illegal in the US to sell milk for human consumption from dairy cattle treated with antibiotics.) Although even the proper use of antibiotics can inadvertently lead to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, the habit of using a low or “sub-therapeutic” dose is a formula for disaster: the treatment provides just enough antibiotic to kill some but not all bacteria. The germs that survive are typically those that happen to bear genetic mutations for resisting the antibiotic. They then reproduce and exchange genes with other microbial resisters. Because bacteria are found literally everywhere, resistant strains produced in animals eventually find their way into people as well. You could hardly design a better system for guaranteeing the spread of antibiotic resistance.3. The data from multiple studies over the years support the conclusion that low doses of antibiotics in animals increase the number of drug-resistant microbes in both animals and people. As Joshua M. Scharfstein, a principal deputy commissioner at the Food and Drug Administration, told a US congressional subcommittee last summer, “You actually can trace the specific bacteria around and . find that the resistant strains in humans match the resistant strains in the animals.” And this science is what led Denmark to stop sub-therapeutic dosing of chickens, pigs and other farm animals.4. Although the transition unfolded smoothly in the poultry industry, the average weight of pigs fell in the first year. But after Danish farmers started leaving sows and piglets together a few weeks longer to bolster the littermates immune systems naturally, the animals weights jumped back up, and the number of pigs per litter increased as well. The lesson is that improving animal husbandrymaking sure that pens, stalls and cages are properly cleaned and giving animals more room or time to matureoffsets the initial negative impact of limiting antibiotic use. Today Danish industry reports that productivity is higher than before. Meanwhile reports of antibiotic resistance in Danish people are mixed, which showsas if we needed remindingthat there are no quick fixes.5. Lest anyone argue that Denmark is too small to offer a reasonable parallel to the US, consider that it is the worlds largest exporter of pork. Like US farmers, Danes raise pigs on an intensive, industrial scale. If they can figure out how to limit antibiotic use while actually increasing agricultural productivity, then so can Americans. The American Medical Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Public Health Association, a previous FDA commissioner and many others have advised the US to follow suit. Last year the FDA published new guidelines calling for “judicious use” of antibiotics. Yet it ultimately left the decision on exactly when and where to use antibiotics up to individual farmers. That laissez-faire standard is not good enough, particularly when the health of the rest of the population is at stake.6. Of course, the way veterinary antibiotics are used is not the only cause of human drug-resistant infections. Careless use of the drugs in people also contributes to the problem. But agricultural use is still a major contributing factor. Every day that passes brings new evidence that we are in danger of losing effective antibiotic protection against many of the most dangerous bacteria that cause human illness. The technical issues are solvable. Denmarks example proves that it is possible to cut antibiotic use on farms without triggering financial disaster. In fact, it might provide a competitive advantage. Stronger measures to deprive drug-resistant bacteria of their agricultural breeding grounds simply make scientific, economic and common sense.1This articleAwas probably written primarily for microbiologistsBis a straightforward account of recent advances in the use of antibioticsCis mainly a critical account of actions taken by Danish and US farmersDseems intended to contribute to an ongoing debate2Over the last half-century, many Western scientists have expressed concern about theconsequences ofAusing antibiotics to treat human diseasesBgiving antibiotics to farm animalsCusing antibiotics to speed up weight gain in young farm animals Dresistance to the use of antibiotics among farmers raising animals 3The word inadvertently in paragraph 2 meansAby designBthe opposite of by designCdeliberatelyDunfortunately4The tone of the final sentence in paragraph 2 isAthreatening BironicCreassuringDneutral5When the Danish authorities ordered farmers to cease giving low doses of antibiotics to theirfarm animals,Athe farmers refused to cooperate with the governmentBall of the animals took longer to put on weightCyoung pigs gained less weight in their first yearDproductivity quickly began to rise6According to the article, the Danish governments decision in 1995 to limit the use ofantibiotics by farmersAhas led to healthier chickens but to less healthy pigsBhas provoked concern among Danish farmers about long-term productivity problemsChas significantly improved the health of human beings as well as of farm animalsDhas not yet led to an indisputable drop in antibiotic resistance among human beings7The author argues thatAa small country like Denmark is a questionable model for larger societiesBthe experience of the Danish pork industry is quite applicable to animal husbandryin other, larger countriesCthe US is actually the only other country that can benefit from Danish experience, atleast at presentDAmerican pig farmers are very unlikely to accept government-imposed limits on theiruse of antibioticsARTICLE B1. Recent reports that bedbugs 臭虫 have infiltrated office buildings, movie theaters and stores in New York did not come as a surprise to Wes Tyler, general manager of a prestigious hotel in downtown San Francisco. “Short of putting a bedbug-sniffing beagle at your door to check every arriving guest before they come in, youre going to get bedbugs,” he said. “Dealing with them is the cost of doing business these days.” 2. An employee first discovered a bedbug in the 137-room hotel in 2003, and Mr. Tyler has since instituted a comprehensive bedbug detection program to find the blood-sucking insects before a guest does. For starters, Mr. Tyler created a position called “bedbug technician” an employee whose sole job is to go from room to room checking for bedbugs. There is also a bedbug bounty of $10 paid to any employee who finds one. If a bedbug is found, the room and all adjacent rooms are taken out of service for up to five days while they are steam-cleaned and chemically treated to eliminate the bugs and their eggs. The mattresses in the rooms are also discarded. The total cost for each room is $2,500, including lost bookings. “It sounds like a lot of money, but the value of a good reputation is infinite,” Mr. Tyler said. “Your biggest fear is that someone will get bitten and post something about it on an online travel site, and thatd be a killer.” 3. Bedbugs used to be solely a residential problem, but they are showing up in commercial settings, and not just in places with beds like hotels, nursing homes and apartment complexes. Increasingly, pest control companies report finding bedbugs in office buildings, movie theaters, clothing stores, food plants, factories and even airplanes. For the affected businesses, the expense can run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars. For the companies that deal with the scourge, it is a bonanza, with business doubling and tripling. 4. The costs of coping with bedbugs are significant, and they are not covered by most insurance policies because they are seen as a maintenance issue. Hiring bedbug- sniffing dogs, which is considered the most effective detection technique, costs about $250 for a 1,200-square-foot retail store and as much as $10,000 for a million-square-foot department store. “To stay ahead of bedbugs, I recommend using the dogs to do a thorough inspection quarterly,” said Pepe Peruyero, chief executive of a company in Florida that trains bedbug-sniffing dogs and offers inspections for large buildings like department stores and school dormitories. However, he added, many customers cannot afford it and instead choose to rely on the vigilance of employees after an initial dog check comes up clean. 5. Eliminating infestations is also costly, ranging from $750 for a few rooms in an office building to $70,000 for a large apartment complex. And that is just for the application of the combination of pesticides that kills bedbugs. It costs an additional 40 percent for the most thorough regimen: placing all the contents of an office or retail space into a heat chamber bedbugs die at 120 degrees Fahrenheit and then spraying pesticides in the temporarily empty r