斯伦贝谢LWD introductionppt课件.ppt

Presentedby WangRuo Aug2003 LWDIntroduction 1 MWD LWDtechniques WhydoweuseLWD MWD LWDbasicsLWDMeasurementsResistivity PropagationandLaterologDensity Neutron SonictoolsLWDmeasurementsforhorizontalwell boresApplicationofImageandAzimuthalmeasurementsWellPlacement GeoSteering Methods 2 WellPlanning DirectionalDrilling NewDrillingTechnologies WellPlanninginageologicalenvironmentSurveyUncertaintyDDNewTechnologies 3 WhatisMWD LWD Real timeSurveysforDirectionalControlInclination azimuth toolfaceReal timeDrillingMechanicsdataforDrillingOptimisationandSafetyincluding Weight on Bit DownholeTorque at BitReal timeFormationMeasurementincluding Resistivity Density Porosity Asystemwhichprovidesreal timedatafrommeasurementsmadenearthedrillbitduringthedrillingprocess 4 1927 FirstWirelinelogruninFrancebySchlumbergerbrothers1929 Jokoskyfilesapatentontheconceptofmudpulsetelemetry1950 Arpinventspositivemudpulsesystem1960 s Teledrifttooldeveloped mechanicalinclinometerwithpositivemudpulse stillusedtodayGodbeyofMobildevelopsthemudsirensystem1971 FirstsuccessfultestofmudsirenbyMobilR D1978 TelecocommercialwithDirectionalMWD1980 Schlumberger Anadrillintroducesmulti sensorMWD ABriefHistoryofMWD theearlydays 5 ABriefHistoryofMWD thebirthofLWD 1981 Gentrix Eastman introducesPPTdirectionalMWDExlogintroducesNPTmulti sensorMWD1983 TelecointroducesRGD1984 NLBaroidintroducesRecordedLithologyLog RLL ElectromagneticresistivityandGammaRaylogTeeco Anadrill Exlog andGearhartofferResistivityandGRservices1986 NLBaroidintroducesTripleComboLWD1989 SperryintroducesTripleComboLWDSchlumberger AnadrillintroducesTripleComboLWD 6 ABriefHistoryofMWD imagingatthebit 1990 TelecocommercialwithTripleCombo1992 Schlumberger AnadrillintroducestheIDEAL IntegratedDrillingEvaluationandLogging systemincluding RAB ResistivityatBit GeoSteeringToolBoreholeImaging AcousticCaliper1993 Baroid NLSperry introducesNearBitInclinometer1995 Commercialslim holeresistivitytoolsdeveloped1996 Schlumberger AnadrillintroducesTripleComboforslimholes1999 SchlumbergerintroducesReal Timeformationimaging2001 SchlumbergerintroducesSeismicMeasurementWhileDrilling 7 VISIONLWDServices 8 9 Alphabetsoup ARCx ArrayResistivityCompensated 2MHzand400KHzresistivityARC4 4 OD Impulse ARC6 6 ODARC8 8 ODARC9 9 ODRABx ResistivityAttheBitUpgradedtoGeoVisionResistivity GVR GSTGeosteeringtool 6 OD ADNx AzimuthalDensityNeutronADN4 4 ODADN6 6 ODADN8 8 OD ISONIConlycalledISONIC 10 MoreAlphabetsoup MWDImpulse4 ODPowerPulsePP66 ODPP88 ODPP99 ODToolCombinations Visionxxx Triplecombostring ARC MWD ADNVision475 4 OD Impulse ADN Vision675 6 OD ARC6 PP6 ADN6Vision825 81 4 OD ARC8 PP8 ADN8 11 FormationEvaluationOptimization WellDeviation SeismicorFormationEvaluationComplexity low low high high 12 WhyuseLWD ScenarioAHighrigcostHighdrillingriskHighwellplacementriskLWDpreferred ScenarioBLowrigcostLowdrillingriskLowwellplacementriskWLpreferred or or and and 13 What sSpecialAboutLWD MeasurementsaremadesoonafterdrillingBeforeformationalterationBeforeholewashesoutBeforefluidinvasionTimebecomesafactorininterpretation LWDsensorsareusuallyrotatingResistivity DensityImagesAzimuthalformationevaluation 14 What sSpecialAboutLWD LWDtoolsareoftenruninhighangleboreholesHorizontalevaluation specialinterpretationissuesMayrequire3DinterpretationMeasurementsoftencrossingbedsAnisotropyissues 15 LWDOperatingModes 16 Telemetry cleansignalsthroughdirtymud 17 MWDDataTransmission Designconsiderations ReliabilityMaximizeddataupdaterateMinimalimpactondrillingoperations AllMWDtoolsusemud pulsetelemetrytotransmitdatatosurface AnalogtoDigitalsignals 1and0 DigitalsignalstopressurepulsesPressurepulsestransmittedthroughthemudcolumn 18 MWDTelemetrySystems Ahydraulicpoppetvalvemomentarilyrestrictstheflowofmudtogenerateanincreaseinpressure Controlledvalveventsmudbrieflytotheannulus decreasingthepressure Rotaryvalve siren restrictsthemudflowtocreateamodulatingpositivepressurewave 19 MWDContinuousWaveTelemetry MudPulserandTurbineAssembly AsMudflowsthroughtheMWDtoolthepressurerequiredtoforcethemudtoflowchangesastheModulatoropensandcloses 20 TestBench CombinedenvironmentVerticalshocksHightemperaturelifetestingMultipletoolsqualifiedLCMtestsat50lb bblmediumnutplugSeveralthousandpumpinghoursinflowloops EngineeringQualification 21 ExampleTelemetryDataFrame 22 TheOldWay LWD RealTime InTime Thehighestdataratesintheindustrymeanyougetthedatayouneed whenyouneedit Whyputupwithaminimalsuiteofpoorqualitylogsinrealtime Whycontrolthedrillingtogetgoodlogdata 23 LWD RealTime InTime LWDisn tjustgivingyouwigglylines it syoureyestomonitorthedrillingprocess Whywait2minutesand10feetforyournextupdateofpressure surveysortoolface Whyrisknothavingthedatayouneed atthemomentyouneedit Whenyoucanhaveitevery20seconds Two waycommunicationcanavoidatripandsave RobusttelemetrycopeswithharshconditionsHighLCMcapacitymodulator 24 MWDSystems PowerPulse Impulse SlimPulse 25 ROPvsMeasurements At12bpsSchlumbergerprovidesa8secRTupdaterate 2datapointsperfootforRealTimeTripleCombo D I GR 2Resistivities Density Neutron At6bpsSchlumbergerprovidesa16secRTupdaterate At3bpsSchlumbergerprovidesa32secRTupdaterate MaxROPtohave2dataperfootversussamplingrate 26 FundamentalsofLWDDepth 27 WhichDepthisThat Whatisthedepthofthisformationtop 28 MWDDepthMeasurement 29 Time DepthData 30 Time Depth 31 DatavsTime DatavsDepth DatavsTime DatavsDepth DepthvsTime 32 TimeBasedData TimetoDepthConversion 0 00GammaRay150 00 DepthBasedData 0 00GammaRay150 00 33 DepthCorrections MWD LWDDepthistiedtoDriller sDepthattheendofeachstand Depthcorrectionsaremanuallyenteredandstoredinthetime depthuse Dataisstretchedorcompressedacrossaninterval 34 Whereisthewell 35 DownholeSurveys Whatisadownholesurvey Apointalongthepathofawellisdefinedbyadirectionalsurvey Thesurveydefinesthethreedimensionalpositionofthatpointinspace Thesurveyconsistsof AMeasuredDepthalongthewellpath AnInclinationatthatmeasureddepth AnAzimuthatthatmeasureddepth 36 Whyarewellboresurveysnecessary Indicatetheactualshapeofthewellbore AllowustomonitorthatactualwellboreshapeVs ourdesiredwellboreshape Whydowewanttomonitorthis Toreachourtarget Staywithinleaseboundaries Satisfylocalregulatoryagencies Constructaccuratesubsurfacemaps 37 InclinationandAzimuth 38 RelativeSurveyToolAccuracy 39 ToolfaceDisplay DatacanbedisplayedonmultiplelocationssimultaneouslyPresentationcanbeeditedtosuittheparticularapplication Remotemonitoringisalsopossible thisisparticularlyusefulforreal timewellcontrolbyshore basedteams 40 GeosteeringSurveying Traditionalsurveyingmaygiveasystematicerror 41 ContinuousD IinGeosteering HasthepotentialtoprovidehigherverticalresolutionCouldbecombinedwithAIMforfurtherimprovement ContD Iwouldprovidesurveysatanydesiredinterval 42 LoggingWhileDrillingtools 43 SLBFormationEvaluationtools 44 ResistivityTools 45 FundamentalsofResistivitymeasurement 46 Pulsefires Wavetravelsthroughformation SignalchangesPhaseandStrengthasitpassesthroughformation 2MHzPropagationTools SignalchangeisproportionaltotheformationResistivity 47 ARCToolFamily 48 Basic2MHz 400KhzMeasurement 49 2MHzresistivityvolumeofinvestigation 50 BoreholeCompensation AccuracyneedsBHC 51 InvasionProfiling answerproduct MultipleDepthsofInvestigationallowsoftwareinversiontoevaluateTrueResistivityandinvasiondiameter 52 ARCinversionsoftware AnswerproductRt RxoDi diameterofinvasion 53 LaterologResistivityTools ElectrodesforceDirectCurrentintotheFormation CurrentleavingthetoolisinverselyproportionaltotheFormationResistivity 54 GeoVISIONResistivityTool 55 WirelineDualLaterologResponse HighResistivityCarbonateFormation 56 GeoVisionResponse HighResistivityCarbonateFormation 57 GeoSteeringTool ResistivityandGammaRaysensorsatthebitleadstoidentificationofgeologicalboundarieswhiledrilling Inclinationatthebitgivesaccurateplacementofthewellbore Trajectorycorrectionsbasedongeologicalresults 58 Propagation theGoodandtheBad RelativelydeepdepthofinvestigationWillworkinnon conductiveboreholesAnisotropyprocessing usingmultiplePhaseandAttenuationmeasurements RelativelypoorverticalresolutionNon directionalmeasurementStronglyaffectedbyhigh angleeffects 59 Laterolog theGoodandtheBad ExcellentverticalresolutionCanproduceimagesforstructureanalysisAzimuthalmeasurementMeasurepointcanbeverycloseto at thebitVerylittlehigh angleeffectsWillnotworkinnon conductiveboreholesRelativelyshallowdepthofinvestigation 60 NeutronTools 61 LWDNuclearmeasurements LWDNeutron Density WirelineNeutron Density 62 AzimuthalDensityNeutron Azimuthallyfocuseddensityneutronmeasurements Providesdensity neutronporosity photoelectriceffectandultrasoniccaliper Sectordensitymeasurementsminimizeboreholeeffects Neutronporositymeasurementcorrectedforenvironmentaleffects Allazimuthaldatacanbeimagedforgeologicalinterpretationandgeosteeringapplications Canberuninallmudtypes NeutronDetectorsLINCCoilsNeutronSourceElectronicCarrierDensitySourceDensityDetectorsUltrasonicSensorBatteriesToolBus 63 NuclearSafety Retrievablesourcesfor Safefishingoperations Easeofabandonment NolossofdataSafetyofpersonnel Radiationexposureminimized Rigcrewcanoperateonrigfloorwithoutexposuretoradiation 64 LWDRepeat WLMainLog TAB 27hrs TAB 75hrs 65 VISIONDensity 66 AzimuthalDensityNeutron AzimuthalDensitymeasurementsareusedtosteerthewelltoproductivezones InZone A alldensityquadrantsindicategas InZone B theupperquadrantindicatesthewellboreisexitingthetopofthereservoir InZone C onlythebottomquadrantidentifiesthegaszonebelow A best densitymeasurementcouldnotdifferentiatebetweenthelayers 67 Dipsfromdensityimages 68 VISION825DensityNeutronToolmovinginboreholeROBBisimprovedbyIDD ImageDerivedDensity 69 SonicWhileDrilling 70 SONICWhileDrilling Features Real Timecompressionaldelta t 40 180us ft SonicPorosityasalternativetoNuclearPorosityCombinetogiveReal TimeQuadcombo 71 SONICWhileDrilling Benefits BetterqualitydatabeforeboreholealterationEnhancesafetybyuseofreal timePorePressurepredictionReducedgeophysicalriskbyplacingthebitontheseismicmap 72 Real timeLWDsonicdataiscombinedwithdensitymeasurements Fromthiscombination syntheticseismogramsarecomputedtoaccuratelyplacethedrillbitontheseismicmapwhiledrillingtoidentifycasingandcoringpoints ISONIC Correlatingwiththeseismic 73 Real TimeOverpressureDetection 74 GeosteeringTechnologies 75 GeometricallyorGeologically 76 MeasurementstoaidGeoSteering At Bitmeasurements AIM GSTReducereactiontimeAzimuthalMeasurements Images GVR ADNRealtimeformationdipResolvedirectionaluncertainty 77 Atbitmeasurementsshortenreactiontime Shortenedreactiontime 78 BenefitsofAtBitMeasurements Straighter smootherwellboreFewerinclinationcorrectionsmeanlesssliding greateroverallROPTightTVDtargets 0 5 TVD ImprovedaccuracyinlandinganddrillinghorizontalwellsSidetrackconfirmationwithin2 MD 79 AIM InclinationattheBit 80 ResistivityandGammaRaysensorsatthebitleadstoidentificationofgeologicalboundarieswhiledrilling Inclinationatthebitgivesaccurateplacementofthewellbore Trajectorycorrectionsbasedongeologicalresults GeoSteeringTool 81 TheDistance to ContactQuestion 82 Problem1 Faults 83 Problem2 Dips 84 AzimuthalReadings 85 ScenarioA ScenarioB Limitationsofconventionalmeasurements 86 Azimuthaltest 87 Result 88 AzimuthalMeasurements AsingledetectortakesaseriesofmeasurementsaroundtheboreholeasthedrillstringisrotatingADN 16DensityreadingsaroundtheboreholewallGVR 56Resistivityreadingsaroundtheboreholewall 89 NewGenerationtoolsutilizeAzimuthalmeasurements Quadrants Sectors andBins 90 Orientationcomponent AzimuthalLWD 91 RealTimeImagesfromGVRTool 92 JapexRTGVRImageExample 93 Real timeDipsFromGeoVISION 94 AzimuthalDensityGeoSteering AzimuthalDensitymeasurementsareusedtosteerthewelltoproductivezones InZone A alldensityquadrantsindicategas InZone B theupperquadrantindicatesthewellboreisexitingthetopofthereservoir InZone C onlythebottomquadrantidentifiesthegaszonebelow A best densitymeasurementcouldnotdifferentiatebetweenthelayers 95 96 97 98 RM RT RM RT 99 ADNReal timevsMemoryImage RTI RMI GoodagreementwithRMimageBandwidth 8scansofdatacompressedrequires 8bpshighresolutionoptionrecentlyadded 1 5bps 100 GeometricVs Geologic 101 Informationpriortodrilling Usually theonlyguidetoformationdipisastructuremap 102 GeometricDrilling Aninitialformationmodel 103 butisthestructurewhatwethinkitis However theformationactuallyis 104 GeoSteeringkeepsthewellboreinthereservoir IfthewellboreisGeoSteered 105 Structuremapsonlygiveavagueguide 106 Therealstructureisoftendifferent 107 Malaysiaexample Pre JobmodelPost JobInterpretation Ifthewellhadbeendrilledaccordingtoplan itwouldhavelandedbelowthetargetzone 108 Geologicalerror Aerrorofonly1degreeintheformationdip willmeanthatthestructurewilldrop1mTVDinonly57mMD StructuraldipfromSeismicisoftenonlyaccurateto 2 to3 SeismicstructuremapscannotresolvesmallfeaturesSmallthrowfaults abandonedchannels featuressmallerthan20metc maynotbeseen 109 Wellplacementprocessroadmap Phase 1Plan Phase 2Execute Phase 3Evaluate 110 Buildinga1 DFormationModel Tobegin offsetdatamustbeloaded convertedtoTST thensquaredtoproducea1 Dformationmodel 111 MergingwithGeologicalKnowledge Astructuremapandwelltrajectorythengivesanideaofapparentformationdip 112 Givesa2 DGeologicalModel Oncetheformationdipisknown the1 Dformationmodelcanbestretchedinto2 Dandthetrajectorycanbelaidontop 113 Fromthe2 DGeologicalModel Sincetheformationpropertiesareknown thesoftwarecanthensimulatethereadingsofspecifictools includinggeometricaleffectssuchasanisotropy polarization etc Thiscanbedonefor Resistivity PropagationandLaterolog GammaRayDensityNeutronSonic 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 StructuralModel TheInform3D ModellingProcess 124 Inform3D Model CurtainSectionisthefundamentalrepresentationofanInform3DmodelCurtainSectionhastwocomponentsStructuralframework 3Dmodel Propertydistributionwithinstructuralframework offsetwelldata StructuralModelisassembledfrom3Dprojector2DgridsSimplemodelscanbebuiltwithinInform3Ditself 125 Areyoufeelingoverloaded 126 NewMeasurementsTechnologies 127 ProVisionNMR WhileDrilling RealTime LithologyIndependentPorosityBound FreeFluidVolumeFluidIdentificationPermeability 128 EvolutionofMagneticResonance CMR Plus2000 Faster DMR HiRes EPM CMR 2001997FTotal SNR CMR A1995 FNMR BFV K T2dist NML1968 FFI K LWD NMR2002 Real time GeoSteering FluidID Wyman etal 129 Lithology IndependentPorosity 130 HorizontalWell 131 WhileDrilling 132 SlidingComparisonw CMR 133 SONICWhileDrilling Features Real Timecompressionaldelta