精细化工学习题.ppt

CHAPTER1 Odd numberedquestionsareansweredatthebackofthisbook 1 Classifyeachofthefollowingasalaw atheory orahypothesis a Allmatteriscomposedofelements b 2 2 4c Blackcatsbringbadluck d Thesunwillsettonight e Thegravitationalpullofthesunandmooncausestides f Itwillraintomorrow g Heatflowsspontaneouslyfromhottocoldareas h Therewillbeapartytonightoncampus 2 Distinguishamongascientificlaw ahypothesis andatheory Arescientificlawsbroken Explain 3 Withfurthertesting hypothesesmaybecometheories butnotlaws Explain 4 Whatdoesthephrase establishscientifically mean Whydoscientistsrarelyusethephrase ithasbeenprovenscientifically 5 Whyaretheremanydifferentscientificmethods notjustone 6 Youarehandedasampleofmatterwithaconstantvolumeandanindefiniteshape Whatisitsphysicalstate 7 Classifyeachofthefollowingasanelement acompound oramixture a wood b cupofcoffee c toothpaste d paint e purephosphorus f puretablesalt g beer h purewater i muddywater j icedtea k pureice 1 puremercury m rubber 8 AremeasurementsusingSIunitsmoreexactthanthoseusingEnglishunits chapter21 Distinguishamongandgiveexamplesof a amonomer b anaturalpolymer and c asyntheticpolymer 2 Whichofthefollowingarecopolymers a Nylon b polypropylene c Orlon and d Dacron 3 Distinguishbetween a additionpolymerizationand b condensationpolymerization Giveanexampleofeach 4 Compareandcontrasthigh densitypolyethylene HDPE andlow densitypolyethylene LDPE intermsof a methodofpreparation b structure c properties and d commonuses 5 Whichofthefollowingmonomerscouldbeusedtoprepareadditionpolymers 6 FortheappropriatemonomerunitsinQuestion5 writetheformula asinFigure2 1 fortheadditionpolymereachwouldform 7 WouldyouexpectTeflontobelessreactivechemicallythannylon Explain 8 Wouldyouexpectpolypropyleneorpolystyrenetobemoreflexible Explain 9 Whatisthepolymerusedinacrylicclothesfibers 10 Givefourexamplesofvinyladditionpolymers 11 Forbothofthefollowingadditionpolymers identifythemonomerfromwhichitwassynthesized 12 Whichofthefollowingareelastomers a Polyvinylchloride PVC b neoprene c naturalrubber and d Plexiglas 13 Theprocessofusingsulfurtocross linkrubberiscalled 14 Namethethreeprincipalcomponentsofpaints Whichofthethreeinvolvespolymers Howhavepolymersmademodernpaintslonger lastingandeasiertouse 15 WhichofthesubstancesinQuestion5couldbeusedasamonomertosynthesizeacondensationpolymer 16 WhichsubstanceinQuestion5couldbeamonomerunitforproducingapolyester Apolyamide 17 Youbuysomeclothingmadeofpolyesterfiber Explainthemeaningofpolyesterintermsofchemicalstructureandreaction 18 Whatisnylon 66 19 Whatisasiliconepolymer Howaresuchpolymersformed 20 Comparethegeneralpolymerstructuresofsiliconeoilsandsiliconerubber 21 ExamineTable14 1 Whichpolymers whenburned couldgiveoffhydrogenchloride HCl gas Hydrogencyanide HCN gas 22 WhatisthefunctionofPCBsasplasticizers WhataretheproblemswithusingPCBs 23 ExamineFigure2 8 DrawthestructuresfortwoothercompoundsthatcouldbeclassifiedasPCBs 1 Whyisethylalcohol C2H5OH solubleinwaterwhencetylalcohol C16H33OH isnot 2 Whatstructuralfeaturesmustasurfactanthave 3 Identifywhichofthefollowingwouldactassurfactants CHAPTER3 4 Namethefourspecialpropertiesofasurfactant 5 Comparingsurfactant watermixturestoplainwater identifywhichofthefollowingstatementsaretrue a Themixtureformsdropletsmoreeasilyonasmoothsurface b themixturetendstobemoresudsy c themixturedissolvesmoreoilymaterials d dustfloatsbetteronthemixture e themixturehasmoredifficultysoakingintofabrics 6 Describehowasurfactant a reducessurfacetension b increaseswetting and c causessudsandfoam 7 Explainhowasurfactantcanbreakupoilyandgreasydirtintomicroscopicdropletsandsuspendtheminwater 8 Whatissoap 9 Whatisthedifferencebetweenhardwaterandsoftwater Howcanhardwaterbesoftened 10 Howdoessoapinteractwithhardwater 11 Whyisn tsoapwidelyusedintheUnitedStatesforwashingclothes 12 Whatarethetwoprincipaltypesofingredientsinamodernlaundryproduct 13 WhichofthesubstancesinQuestion3couldbeclassifiedas a anionicdetergent b cationicdetergent or c nonionicdetergent 14 Whyareanionicsurfactantsmoreeffectivethancationicdetergentsforwashingclothes 15 Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofanonionicsurfactant 16 Whatisabiodegradablesurfactant andwhyisitdesirable 17 Whatisabuilder andwhatisitspurposeinalaundrydetergent 18 Namethreewaysthatsodiumtripolyphosphate STPP assistsasurfactanttogetclothesclean 19 Whatenvironmentalproblemdophosphatebuilderspose Howhavelegislatorsandmanufacturersactedtosolvethisproblem 20 Howdobleacheswork Dotheyphysicallyremoveastainfromclothes 21 Whatisthepurposeofopticalbrightenersinadetergent Inwhatsensedotheymakeclothes whiterthanwhite CHAPTER41 Writeabalancedchemicalequationforthedecayoftoothenamel 2 Explain intermsofLeChfitelier sprinciple howacidspromotetoothdecay 3 Identifywhichofthefollowingfluorinecompoundscandeliveractivefluoride F ionsintoothpaste a NaF b CAF2 c PO3F2 and d SnF2 4 Howdofluoride F ionsprotectyourteethfromdecay 5 Whatisanemollient Ahumectant 6 Whatissebum Whatdoesitdoforyourskin 7 Identifywhichofthefollowingtwocompoundswouldbethebetteremollientforyourskinandexplainwhy a CH3 CH2 2OHor b CH3 CH2 14OCH3 8 Whataretheeffectsoftoomuchsebumandtoolittlesebumonyourskin 9 Thefollowingfivematerialscanbeusedtocleanyourskin Classifytheactiveingredientofeachasasurfactant asolvent oranabsorbant a petroleumjelly b mineraloil c cornstarch d dishdetergent and e bubblebath 10 HowdoesasunscreenabsorbUVlight 11 Whatdangersdoessunbathingposetoskin 12 WhatdoesanSPFvalueof10mean 13 UnderwhatconditionsshouldapersonchooseasunscreenwithalowSPF AhighSPF 14 Incomparisonwithvisiblelight UVradiationhasa shorterorlonger wavelengthanda higherorlower energy 15 Whydodarker tintedsunglassesnotnecessarilyprovidegreatereyeprotectionagainstthesun sradiation 16 Whatisthemainfunctionofethanolincolognes 17 Whatisthemainchemicaldifferencebetweenperfumesandcolognes 18 Distinguishbetweenanantiperspirantandadeodorant 19 Whatdoesaluminumchlorohydratedoinanantiperspirant 20 Whatishairmadeof 21 Whataretheeffectsoftoomuchsebumandtoolittlesebumonhair 22 AtpH4to6 hairtypicallyhasa positiveornegative electricalcharge 23 Identifywhichofthefollowingfeaturesofashampoomightmakeadifferencetothecleanliness appearance orhealthofyourhair a Pearlssinkslowlythroughtheliquid b ItspHis5 2 c Itcontainsprotein d Itcontainseggsandbeer e Youcanseethroughtheliquid f Ithasafreshherbalfragrance g Yourscalptingleswhenitisapplied h Ithasamildsurfactant 24 Whatisthemainfunctionofpositivelychargedaminesinhairconditioners CHAPTER51 a Writeabalancedchemicalequationforphotosynthesis b Thenwriteabalancedchemicalequationforthecompleteoxidationofglucose C6H12O6 byhumans 2 Afertilizerlabelismarked20 15 5 Explainwhateachnumberindicates 3 Identifywhichofthefollowingelementsplantsuseinlargeamountsandwhichtheyneedonlyintraceamounts P Ca S N Mo Zn K Mg 4 Everyplantissurroundedbytheplentifulnitrogenpresentintheair yetmanyplantsaredeficientinnitrogen Why 5 WriteabalancedchemicalequationfortheHaberprocess 6 Whydoweusefertilizers 7 Whatarethemainsourcesoforganicfertilizers Forwhichmacronutrientsaretheyarichsource 8 Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcommercialinorganicfertilizers 9 Ifsoilistooacidicforgrowingaparticularcrop whatcanbedonetoraiseitspH 10 IfsoilpHistoohigh whatcanbedonetolowerit 11 Classifyeachofthefollowingpesticidesasachlorinatedhydrocarbon anorganophosphate oracarbamate 12 WhichcompoundinQuestion11isthemostlikelytoremainintheenvironmentforalongtimeafterbeingused 13 ExamineFigures5 3to5 5 Whatfunctionalgroupsarepresentinmoleculesof a DDT b dichlorvos c malathion and d carbaryl 14 Whatfunctionalgroupsarepresentin a Treflan Figure5 8 and b Round up Figure5 10 15 Explainthedifferencebetweenacontactherbicideandasystemicherbicide 16 WhataretheherbicidesinAgentOrange WhywasthisproductusedinVietnam 17 Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofusingherbicidesandinsecticidesthatbreakdownrapidlyintheenvironment 18 WhatweretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofDDT WhywasitbannedforgeneraluseintheUnitedStates 19 Explainhowglyphosate Roundup killsplants 20 Whatsubstance carbohydrate lipid protein orvitamin canaplantsynthesizedirectlywhenithasbeengivenanewgene 21 Asubstancewasrecentlydiscoveredthatinhibitsthenormaldecompositionofjuvenilehormoneinthelarvastageofinsectdevelopment Doyouthinktreatinglarvaewiththissubstancewouldproduceunusuallysmallorlargelarvae Why 22 Listseveralwaysthatpheromonescanbeusedtocontrolaninsectpopulation CHAPTER61 Whatisdietaryroughageorbulk Whyisitapartofgoodnutrition 2 Whatismetabolism Whatbodilyprocessesmakeupmetabolism 3 Whichofthesixmajortypesoffoodnutrientsprovidesthegreatestamountofenergypergram 4 Explainingeneralwhathappenstoeachofthefollowingnutrientswhenitiseaten a glucose b potatostarch c tablesugar sucrose d meatfat and e animalprotein 5 Salivacontainsthedigestiveenzymeamylase Therefore ifyouchewyourfoodlongerthanusual youarehelpingdigest a fats b simplesugars c protein d cholesterol or e starch 6 Criticizethestatementthatmostpeoplewithpoordietsdieofstarvation 7 Namethreeclassesoffoodsthatyouneedinlargeamounts Giveexamplesofeach 8 Foreachofthefollowingfoods tellwhetheritsmajoringredientisprotein carbohydrate orlipid a sweetpotatoes b eggs c fish d shortening e carrots f pork g saladoil and h HostessTwinkles 9 Whatismeasuredincalories Doesanyfoodactuallycontaincalories Whatismeantbythestatementthatacandybarhas245Cal 10 Whatisthemaincarbohydratefuelofyourbody Writetheoverallenergy producingreactioninvolvingthisfuel 11 Whatstructuralpropertiesdoessentialfattyacidspossess Whyaretheyneededinthediet 12 Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoffatinyourbody 13 Alltwentyaminoacidsareneededforproteinsynthesis Whyareonlyeightlabeledessential 14 Distinguishamongscurvy beriberi marasmus pellagra rickets andkwashiorkor Explainhoweachcanbeprevented 15 Whataresomefoodsthatcontaincompleteproteins Howcanastrictvegetariangetcompleteprotein 16 ExplainthedangeroflargedosesofvitaminsAandD 17 Whichvitaminsaccumulateinthebody Explainwhythisoccursonlyforcertainvitamins 18 Whydoesaspartamehave4Cal gwhilesaccharinhasnone 19 Besidescarbonandhydrogen mostflavoringagentscontaintheelement20 ClassifythefoodadditiveslistedintheletteratthebeginningofSection18 3as a sweeteners b flavoringsorflavorenhancers c emulsifiers d preservatives or e colorants 21 ExaminethestructuresinFigure6 18 Drawstructuralformulasfortworelatedcompoundsthatarealsousedaspreservatives sorbicacidandpotassiumbenzoate 22 WhyareNaNO2andNaNO3addedtomeats Whatisthedangeroftheirpresence Whatisthedangeroftheirabsence 23 WhyareBHAandBHTaddedtosomefoods CHAPTER7 1 Whatisthedefinitionofadrugasusedinthischapter Whichofthefollowingaredrugsaccordingtothisdefinition a Caffeine b KI c LSD d insulin and e birthcontrolpills 2 Howareeachofthefollowingthoughttobeimportantstepsinthehistoryofusingdrugstotreatdisease a Isolationofmorphine b useofarsphenamine and c useofsulfadrugs 3 Aresulfadrugsnaturalorsyntheticcompounds Howdotheykillbacteria 4 ExaminethestructuresinFigure19 3 Whichoneofthefollowingstructuralchangestosulfanilamideappearstobethemostlikelytoproduceacompoundthatstillworksasasulfadrug a Replace SO2with CH2 b intheaminogroup NH2 nexttothering replaceanHatomwithanorganicgroup or c intheaminogroupnexttotheSO2group replaceanHatomwithanorganicgroup 5 InwhatwayisampicillinstructurallydifferentfrompenicillinG seeFigure19 7 Whatpracticaldifferencedoesthismake 6 Ispenicillinanaturalorasyntheticdrug Howdoesitkillbacteria 7 Whataresomedangersinthewidespreaduseofantibiotics 8 Whyareantibioticsineffectiveintreatingcolds 9 Whatisthefunctionofeachofthefollowingincoldremedies a Benzocaine b codeine and c anantihistamine 10 HowdoesZDV AZT inhibittheactionoftheAIDSvirus DoesitcureAIDS 11 WhichofthetwonormalcomponentsinDNAshowninFigure19 10isnotanormalcomponentinRNA ReviewSection9 5ifnecessary 12 Whatarethetwomajortypesofanticancerdrugs Howdoeseachtypework 13 Whatarethemostcommonsideeffectsincancerpatientswhoaretreatedwithchemotherapy Whydothesesideeffectsoccur 14 Whatdoesthedruglovastatindointhebody Canitbeclassifiedasanantimetabolite Why 15 Oneofthefollowingtypesofdrugisusedasaratpoison a antibiotic b anticoagulant or c estrogen Whichoneisit Wouldthedrugbepoisonoustohumans Why 16 Whatisahormone Whichofthefollowingarehormones a Caffeine b adrenaline c insulin and d glucose 17 Whatisgoiter andhowisittreated 18 Whyisinsulinnottakenorally 19 Somediabeticstakeoraldrugstolowertheirbloodglucoselevels Howdothesedrugswork 20 Therehavebeenmurdercasesinwhichitisclaimedthatthevictimwasgivenanoverdoseofinsulin Howmightalargedoseofinsulinbelethal 21 Whichofthefollowingaresteroidhormones a Cholesterol b insulin c cortisone d estrogens and e prostaglandins 22 Towhichhormonesaremostbirthcontrolpillschemicallyrelated Howdothesehormonespreventpregnancy 23 ExamineFigure7 19 Whatfunctionalgroupdoprogesteroneandtestosteronebutnotestradiol havethataccountsfortheir onesuffix 24 Whyaren tnaturalhormonesusedasbirthcontrolpills Whatarethemainchemicaldifferencesbetweenthenaturalhormonesandthesynthetichormonesusedinbirthcontrolpills CHAPTER8 1 Howdoesacetylcholine ACH workasaneurotransmitter 2 Whichpositiveionscrosstheneuronmembranewhenaneurotransmitterbindstothecell 3 Areanybrand nameaspirins100percentacetylsalicylicacid Why Whatisthedifferenceinchemicalcontentandeffectivenessamongmajorbrandsofaspirin 4 Compareaspirinwithacetaminophenwithregardto a price b safety and c effectiveness 5 Whatisthemostabundantnarcoticinopium 6 Whichnarcoticiscommonlyusedincoughmedicine 7 Explainhownaloxoneworksintreatingapersonwithaheroinoverdose 8 Howdoesalocalanestheticdifferfromageneralanesthetic 9 Namethemostwidelyabusedlocalanesthetic 10 Whichbarb