高频词法——非谓语动词(1).doc

年级高二学科英语编稿老师李敏英课程标题高频词法（九）非谓语动词（1）一校黄楠二校林卉审核陈倍香 非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、分词（现在分词、过去分词）、动名词。这部分内容既是高中英语学习的重点也是难点，同时还是每年高考的热点。在高考中，对非谓语动词不定式部分的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 不定式的时态和语态；不定式作后置定语和分词作后置定语的区别。2. 其后只跟不定式和只跟动名词作宾语的动词辨析；既能带不定式又能带动名词作宾语的动词用法区别。3. 在主动语态中，感官动词和使役动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补以及它们变被动语态时加to的问题。4.不定式的固定表达形式。 在高考试题中，对不定式的考查题型有单项选择、完形填空、短文改错等，写作时恰当运用非谓语动词短语可以增加文章的亮点。一、知识精讲 不定式一般由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定式是not to do。它可以接宾语或状语构成不定式短语。不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。1. 不定式的时态和语态 语态时态主动语态被动语态一般时to doto be done完成时to have doneto have been done进行时to be doing-完成进行时to have been doing-1）不定式的时态【例句】I saw him cross this road. I like to share my happiness and sorrow with you. He decided to carry out this experiment by himself. When the teacher came in, Tom pretended to be studying. When he left home, it happened to be raining. I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. She is said to have been studying abroad.状元典例1I would love_ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 答案：B思路分析：would like to have done表示虚拟语气，意思为：原想去做结果没有做。状元典例2 Robert is said_ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying答案：A思路分析：根据后半句中的谓语动词studied的时态，可以判断不定式应该用完成时。2）不定式的语态【例句】This floor needs to be cleaned. The press conference is to be held tomorrow. The room seems to have been tidied up already. The car accident was said to have been caused by the drivers carelessness.状元典例 It remains _ whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals. A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see答案：B思路分析：此题考查不定式的被动语态作表语。句中的it 是形式主语，而whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals是由whether引导的名词性从句，作真正的主语，see和主语之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态。3）不定式的否定式 动词不定式的否定式是在to 前面加not（有时也用never表示强调）【例句】 She decided not to be late again. He promised never to make such a stupid mistake. I regretted not to have started earlier.2. 不定式的用法 动词不定式有副词、形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作状语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语和主语等成分。 1）作主语【例句】To learn an art is very hard. To save time is to lengthen life. In fact it is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match. 2）作宾语 在一些动词后只能用不定式作宾语： 决心学会想希望decide, determine, learn, want, would like, wish, expect, hope 拒绝设法愿假装refuse, manage, desire, pretend 要求答应选计划demand, promise, choose, plan 同意请求帮一帮agree, ask, beg, help 提出打算又失败offer, intend, fail【例句】I hope to go to college. The pilot managed to circle the balloon for some time. Do you think it better to translate it in this way? I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.状元典例Ive worked with children before, so I know what_ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects答案：B思路分析：不定式与特殊疑问词when /where /whether /what /how 等构成不定式短语作宾语时，不定式要用一般式。3）作表语【例句】Her job is to clean the hall.The most important thing is to put theory into practice. The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 4）作宾语补足语 不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语的补足语。【例句】I would like you to help me with my English exercises. I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如：Who can help me （to ） carry this heavy box? 在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。【例句】I often hear her sing in the next room. They make their children get up at 7 oclock every morning. 注意：get, leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语时必须要带to。如：Ill get them to do it at once. How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger? 注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语的补足语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如：Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. He is often heard to sing the song. think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语时多由to be+形容词或名词构成，think, consider, find等后的to be常可省略。【例句】When he woke up, she found herself（to be）badly injured. I thought her（to be）nice and honest the first time I met her. 含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时，不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如：The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 以be said, be reported, be known等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作是主语补足语。【例句】More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.状元典例1 The patient was warned_ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating答案：C思路分析：此题考查不定式作主语补足语。如果将此句改为主动语态：The doctor warned the patient not to eat oily food after the operation.就可以得知答案。warn的相关短语为：warn sb. to do sth。状元典例2The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break答案：C思路分析：此题考查不定式的用法，不定式to have done表示动作已经发生。5）作定语不定式在句中作定语时通常作后置定语，即放在被修饰名词或代词后。【例句】He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker. There are many interesting books to choose from, but I dont know which to borrow. He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. There is nothing to worry about.状元典例 Sara will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_ in making the earth a better place to live. A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing答案：B思路分析：不定式作后置定语时，如果不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动式6）作状语 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order （not ） to, so as （not ） to结构。【例句】In order to protect the young plants from the sun, my mother put them in the shade.He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again. 注意：so as （not ） to do不可以置于句首。 不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有tooto, enoughto, soas to, suchas to, only to等。【例句】The question is too difficult for me to answer. He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 注意：tooto通常表示太而不（以至于不），但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。She is only too glad to stay at home. He is too anxious to know the examination results.当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时，tooto这一结构没有否定的意思，而且与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only, all, but, just, simply等副词,意思不变。因为这些词加上too后与very同义。不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。 常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。【例句】They are surprised to learn of his death. 另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit, comfortable等词后也可以接动词不定式。这时，作句子主语的除了可以是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。【例句】The water is not fit to drink. They try to make the room comfortable to live in. 注意：上两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。状元典例1. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only_ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told2. He hurried to the station only _that the train had left. A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found答案：1.B 2.A思路分析：这两道题均考查不定式作结果状语的用法。 3. Can the project be finished as planned? Sure, _it completed in time, well work two more hours a day . A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get4. _more about university courses, call（920 ）746-3789. A. To find out B. Finding out . Find out D. Having find out答案：3. B 4. A 思路分析：这两道题均考查不定式作目的状语的用法。第3题句意为：为了准时完成这个项目，我们将每天多干两小时的活。第4题句意为：要想更多地了解大学课程，可以拨打（920）-746-3789。7）作独立成分 有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，我们将其称之为独立成分，表示说话者的语气态度。如：to tell you the truth，to be frank, to begin with, to be brief, to make a long story short, to be exact, to say nothing of, to conclude, to be sure, to do him justice, so to speak 等。【例句】 To tell you the truth, I hate him. To be frank, I dont agree with what you said. 3. 不定式的注意问题 1）当表示某一特定动作、比较具体的动作，或将来的动作时，宜用不定式【例句】 It is hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 2）“计划未能实现” 类动词的用法，如expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, intend, want等【例句】I intended to have attended the meeting yesterday, but I was too busy.=I had intended to attend the meeting yesterday, but I was too busy. 3）作定语的不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间构成动宾关系时，不定式既可以用主动语态又可用被动语。【例句】Do you have anything to buy? Do you have anything to be bought? 4）不定式主动表被动问题【例句】The fish is delicious to eat. The chair is comfortable to sit on. Have you got a key to unlock the door? There is a lot of work to do. There is a lot of work to be done. There is nothing to be done. There is nothing to do. 5）for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别： 句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。 句型“It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词常表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。【例句】Its difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. Its reasonable for them to run away so quickly. Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 二、难点聚焦（不定式to的省略问题） 1. 在由why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词后直接接动词原形或用not+动词原形结构。【例句】Why spend so much money? Why not let her have a try? 2. 在had better（最好）,had best（最好，顶好）, would rather（宁可，宁愿）, would ratherthan（宁可而不）, would sooner（宁可，宁愿）, would soonerthan（宁可而不）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或用not +动词原形结构。【例句】Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. I would rather work than stay idle. Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. Ones world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.3. 在介词but, except, besides之前如有动词do的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不带to。如介词but之前没有动词do的任一形式，其后的不定式则一般要加to。【例句】Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. Im afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. They desired nothing but to succeed. 状元典例 Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong. A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit答案：A思路分析：该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do，does或did时，后接不带to的不定式；当谓语动词是其他动词时，后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing，故设空处要填动词原形admit。句意：Sandy不得不向老师承认自己错了。4. 在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。【例句】I really dont know what to say and do. Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.? 但如果句中的两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。【例句】I came not to scold you but to praise you. 状元典例The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make答案：B思路分析：此题考查不定式作表语的用法。如果将本句补充完整即可得知答案。The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, but it is not to make life more difficult. 5. 不定式作表语，主语部分含有动词do时，不定式后省略to。【例句】All I could do was call for help. 三、状元笔记不定式这部分知识需要大家掌握如下内容：1. 不定式的时态语态2. 不定式的句法功能3. 不定式的特殊句式4. 疑问词+不定式结构5. 不定式中的主动表被动问题6. 不定式省略to的问题1. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have D. have答案：C思路分析：动词不定式充当目的状语。2. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 答案：C 思路分析：a lot of difficult problems是介词的宾语，动词不定式to settle作为problems的宾补表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settled表示难题已经被解决，现在分词的被动式being settled作宾补表示正在被解决的难题。3. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one first is the library. A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired答案：D 思路分析：句意为：这个城市的许多大楼需要修理，而先要被修理的那座大楼是图书馆。repaired是过去分词表被动和完成；being repaired是现在分词的被动语态，表示正在被；repairing是现在分词表主动和进行；to be repaired是动词不定式的被动语态表将来和被动。根据题干的语境可知，选项必须既表被动又表将来，所以D项是正确答案。4. The lawyer listened with full attention, to miss any point. A. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try答案：B 思路分析：句意为：律师全神贯注地听，尽量不漏掉任何一点。句中listen和try not to miss 为同时进行的动作，故用现在分词的一般式作伴随状语；根据句意应将动词不定式变为否定式。故选项B正确。5. In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant . A. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with答案：A思路分析：句意为：在很多人看来，虽然那家公司比较小，但和它打交道令人愉快。在句型“主语+be+形容词+不定式”中，若不定式和句子的主语存在动宾关系，则不定式通常用主动形式表示被动含义。6. That is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce答案：B思路分析：句意为：那是我们能想出的减少学生浴室过度用水的唯一方式。to reduce the overuse of water作the only way的定语，we can imagine是个定语从句，也用来修饰the only way。7. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed答案：B思路分析：句意为：这个学期结束前，我要做很多阅读练习。由于时间状语before the end of this term表达未来的时间，所以空格处使用动词不定式表示将来，充当readings的定语。8. Listen! Do you hear someone for help? A. calling B. call C. to call D. called答案：A思路分析：由Listen可知，此处该用现在分词作宾补，表示正在进行的动作。句意为：听！你听见有人在呼救吗？9. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought答案：B思路分析：此题中不定式作目的状语，说明取钱的目的。非谓语动词的不定式可以用来表示目的，但-ing形式与过去分词都不可以用来表示目的。因此选择B。（答题时间：50分钟）一、单项选择*1. There is nothing more I can try _ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade2. I went to see him, _ him out. A. finding B. find C. only to find D. to finding3. He didnt know _ or stay. A. to leave B. if that he should leave C. if to leave D. whether to leave4. Will the Smiths go abroad this summer? No, they finally decided _. A. to B. not going C. not to D. not to be going5. I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change. A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going*6. Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon. A. said B. says C. saying D. to say7. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to going C. for risk to go D. risk going9. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where*10. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water11. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play12. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating*13. the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly. A. To ensure B. Ensuring C. Having ensured D. To have ensured14. You had better get a doctor _ your bad tooth. A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out*15. She wants her paintings in the gallery, but we dont think they would be very popular. A. display B. to display C. displaying D. displayed16. He was so foolish _ his car unlocked. A. to leave B. that leave C. as to leave D. for him to leave*17. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _. A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard 18. The girl was made _ she didnt love at all. A. marry a man B. to marry a man C. to marry with a man D. married with a man19. The man will use what he has _ a camera for his wife. A. to get B. got C. buy D. bought20. To answer correctly is more important than _ . A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C. finishing quickly D. you finish quick21. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so as not to B. so not as to C. so as to not D. not so as to22. I felt it an honor _ to speak here. A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked23. Id like to buy an expensive camera. Well, we have several models _ . A. to choose from B. to choose C. to be chosen D. for choice24. _to the left and youll see the post office. A. To turn B. Turning C. Turned D. Turn25. Will you be able to attend the lecture _ next week? A. giving B. given C. to be given D. being given二、完形填空“Leave him alone,” I shouted as I walked out of the orphanage（孤儿院 ）gate and saw several of the Spring Park School bullies（欺负弱者的人 ）pushing the deaf kid around. I did not know the boy at all 36 I knew that we were about the same age, because of his size. He