四级写作及翻译词汇.doc

四级写作分类词汇精选Education: parenting n. 家长对小孩的教育 schooling n. 学校对学生的教育 cultivate vt. 培养 awareness = sense n. 意识 creative /original adj. 有创造力的 physical adj. 身体的 psychological adj. 心理的 peer n. 同龄人 motivation n. 动力 motivated adj. 有动力的 adapt to 适应 discipline n. 学科，纪律 memorize v. 记忆 acquire vt. 获得（后面经常跟knowledge/skills） stimulating adj. 有趣的（在教育类作文中经常可以代替interesting）Media: prevalent adj. 无处不在的，经常可代替everywhere objective adj. 客观的 biased adj. 不客观的 celebrity n. 名人 journalists n. 记者 the press 出版社 coverage n. 报道 cover v. 报道 misleading n. 误导的 dependable adj. 可靠的 up-to-the-minute adj. 非常及时的 sway vt. 媒体影响公众 经常sway+宾语 informative adj. 信息量大的 entertaining adj. 娱乐性强的Technology: transform vt. 改变，代替change breakthrough n. 突破 advance v. / n. 发展 a staggering rate 惊人的速度 information overload 信息爆炸 enhance = boost vt. 提高，增强 innovations n. 创新，发明 telecommunications n. 远程通信 productive adj. 高产率的 productivity n.Government: priority n. 首要任务 stability n. 稳定 establish vt. 建立 solve = combat = tackle = resolve =address vt. 解决 alleviate = ease 减轻，缓解 invest in = allocate money to 对投资 the authorities 当局 ban = forbid= prohibit vt. 禁止 monitor vt. 监督 administer = regulate vt. 管理 tax revenue 税收 democratic adj. 民主的 demand vt/n. 需求 efficient adj. 高效率的Tourism: broaden ones horizons/expand ones outlook 开阔人的眼界 conflicts n. 冲突 explore vt. 探索 promote vt. 促进 反义词：restrict 阻碍，限制 tourist attraction 旅游点 local residents = local inhabitants 当地居民 mutual understanding 相互了解 enrich ones experience 丰富人的经历Languages: the proliferation of 的大量扩散（比如英语，互联网，环境污染等 plays a dominant role in 在占统治地位 go extinct 灭绝 lesser-known languages 小语种 the widespread use of 。广泛的使用Culture: ancestors n. 祖先 descendants n. 后代 cultural assimilation 文化同化 indiscriminate adj. 盲目的 time-honored adj. 历史悠久的 cultural heritage 文化遗产 cultural diversity 文化多样性 cultural identity 文化特性 ethnic minorities 少数民族Development: the pace of life = the tempo of life 生活节奏 the gap between the urban area and the rural area 城乡差距 eliminate vt. 消除 inferior adj. 质量差的 facilities n. 设施 alienated adj. （人与人之间）疏远的 materialistic adj. （人）物质化的，现实的 the present situation = the current situation = the status quo 现状 exterior n. （建筑）外观 function n. 功能 Globalization: sweeping trends 席卷一切的潮流 synthesize the Asian and the Western cultures 有机结合东西方文化 erode vt. 侵蚀（本土文化） universal adj. 普遍的 isolated adj. 孤立的 import vt./ n. 进口的 export vt/n 出口的Women: domestic violence 家庭暴力 gender equality 性别平等 discrimination n. 歧视 discrimination against an enlightened society 一个开明的社会 household chores 家务事 be tied down by 被所拖累Family: offspring n. 后代 personality clashes 性格冲突 household n. 家庭的另一种写法 affluent adj.富裕的 impoverished adj. 贫穷的 community n. 社区 family values 家庭观念 generation gap 代沟 family bonds 亲情 harmony n. 和谐Crime: crimes = offence = criminal acts n. 犯罪 commit a crime 犯罪（动词短语） stringent adj. 严厉的 punishment / penalty n. 惩罚 the crime rate = the incidence of crime 犯罪率 rampant adj. 猖獗的 violate the law 违法 restrict vt. 限制（自由等） impulsive adj. 冲动的 consequence n. 后果 circumstance n. 处境，状况 reform /rehabilitate criminals 改造罪犯Animals: preserve vt. 保护（某种资源，比如natural resources, old buildings,保护人可用protect） inhumane adj. 残酷的 biodiversity n. 生物多样性 companions n. 伙伴 replacements = alternatives n. 替代物 habitat n. 栖息地 endangered species 濒危动物 hide n. 兽皮 （皮毛：fur）Environment: sustainable development 可持续发展 exploit natural resources 开采自然资源 the ecosystem 生态系统 （eco开头的词都和生态有关） disposable adj. 一次性的（disposable chopsticks） conserve vt. 节约（环境类可代替save） deteriorate vt. 恶化（某种现象自身恶化）aggravate vt. 恶化（某种现象导致别的恶化，） discharge vt. 排放（污染物） contamination n. 污染（词很大，不宜多用） consume = deplete vt. 消耗（资源） eco-friendly adj. 有益于环保的 scarcity n. 短缺历史与文化翻译词汇 京剧 Peking opera 秦腔 Qin opera 功夫Kungfo 太极Tai Chi 口技 ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏 shadow play 折子戏 opera highlights 杂技 acrobatics 相声 witty dialogue comedy 刺绣 embroidery 苏绣 Suzhou embroidery 泥人 clay figure 书法 calligraphy 中国画 traditional Chinese painting 水墨画 Chinese brush painting 中国结 Chinese knot 中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass 青铜器 bronze ware 瓷器 porcelain; china 唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne 武术 martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化 Confucian culture 道教 Taoism 墨家Monism 法家 Legalism 佛教 Buddhism 孔子 Confucius 孟子 Mencius 老子 Lao Tzu 庄子 Chuang Tzu 墨子 Mo Tzu 孙子Sun Tzu 文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 大学The Great Learning 中庸The Doctrine of the Mean论语The Analects of Confucius 孟子The Mencius 孙子兵法The Art of War 三国演义Three Kingdoms 西游记Journey to the West 红楼梦Dream of the Red Mansions 水浒传Heroes of the Marshes 山海经The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 资治通鉴History as a Mirror 春秋The Spring and Autumn Annals 史记Historical Records 诗经The Book of Songs 易经The I Ching; The Book of Changes 礼记The Book of Rites 三字经Three-character Scriptures 八股文 eight-part essay 五言绝句 five-character quatrain 七言律诗 seven-character octave 中山装 Chinese tunic suit 唐装 Tang suit 阳历 Solar calendar 阴历 Lunar calendar 闰年 leap year 十二生肖zodiac 春节 the Spring Festival 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节 the Double-ninth Day 七夕节 the Double-seventh Day 春联 spring couplets 庙会 temple fair 爆竹 firecracker 年画(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱 New Year gift-money 舞龙dragon dance 元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯 festival lantern 灯谜 lantern riddle 舞狮 lion dance 踩高跷 stilt walking 赛龙舟 dragon boat race 胡同hutong 长城 the Great Wall of China 烽火台 beacon tower 秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses 大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda丝绸之路the Silk Road 敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes 华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs 五台山Wutai Mountain 九华山 Jiuhua Mountain 蛾眉山Mount Emei 泰山 Mount Tai 黄山 Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain 故宫 the Imperial Palace 天坛 the Temple of Heaven 午门 Meridian Gate 大运河 Grand Canal 护城河the Moat 回音壁Echo Wall 居庸关 Juyongguan Pass 九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall 黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi 十三陵 the Ming Tombs 苏州园林 Suzhou gardens 西湖 West Lake 九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley 日月潭 Sun Moon Lake 布达拉宫Potala Palace 鼓楼 drum tower四合院 quadrangle; courtyard complex 孔庙 Confucius Temple 喇嘛Lama乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha 十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha相关题材翻译阅读Chinese culture1. Beijing Forbidden CityNational Palace Museum, also known as the Forbidden City, locates in the center of Beijing. Today, people called her the National Palace, which means the Imperial Palace in the past.The Unique style of Beijing Forbidden City is a famous ancient architecture in China. 2.Tea Tea is Chinas national drink. now tea has become fashionable drink in the worlds three major non-alcoholic drinks (tea, coffee and cocoa), and will be the 21st century king beverage . China is the birthplace of tea, known as tea of the motherland. Tea is the pride of the Chinese nation! 3.Great Wall The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn period, which lasted up to more than 2,000 years, with a total length of more than 50,000 kilometers. All people who have visited the Great Wall would think that it is an extraordinary artistic heritage symbolizes. It is proud of not only the Chinese nation but the whole human.4 China 瓷器China is the home of porcelain. The beauty of porcelain makes the world understand China. When hearing the English words CHINA, what kind of feeling do you have? The word China has the mean of Porcelain. you guess it right! Earth and the fire is the basis of human evolution.Chinese porcelain which is the art of the earth and fire represents the Chinese wisdom.5. Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shi HuangTerracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shi Huang locates in Lintong District of Xian.It is the largest group of buried pit of Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum.It is the epitome of the strong Qin Dynasty .It is thinked of the Eighth Wonder of the World and the twentieth centurys greatest archaeological discovery.It was listed as the world cultural heritage by UNESCO.6. DragonThe Chinese dragon culture is not the kind of worship, but rather create a culture.In china, the dragon has an important position and influence. During the 5,000 years, Dragon has become a symbol of the China, a symbol of the Chinese nation, a symbol of Chinese culture, a symbol of the rapid advance of the great motherland.Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。 中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。7.Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese peoples favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint-Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. Theres an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1） 擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。8. AcupunctureAcupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the bodys yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patients body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patients acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。9.Chinese Kung FuChinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing ones spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on. 中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。10. Chinese CharactersChinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “-“ (the horizontal stroke) “” (the vertical stroke), “”( the left-falling stroke), “” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。11. Chinese ChopsticksThe Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or ones own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。12.Chinese SealA seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of Chinas unique artworks.印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。13.Chinese EraThe Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。14. Chinese Beijing OperaPraised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especi