5采油英语400句.doc

采油英语400句1. 孔隙度是指多孔介质的总体积中被孔隙所占有的系数，这是一个无因次的量。The porosity of a porous material is the factor of the bulk volume of the material occupied by voids which is a dimensionless quantity.2. 孔隙度可定义为绝对或总孔隙度和有效孔隙度两类。Two classes of porosity can be defined, namely, absolute or total, and effective porosity.3. 绝对孔隙度是指孔隙空间占总体积的那个部份，但不管这些孔隙是否是连通的。Absolute porosity is the fractional void space with respect to bulk volume regardless of pore connections.4. 有效孔隙度是指连通的那部分孔隙。Effective porosity is that fraction of the bulk volume constituted by interconnecting pores.5. 许多自然存在的岩石，例如熔岩或其它火成岩，它们的总孔隙度很高，但几乎没有有效孔隙度。Many naturally occurring rocks, such as lava and other igneous rocks, have a high total porosity but essentially no effective porosity.6. 在一个巨大外力作用下，使物体体积逐渐减小的过程称为压实。Compaction is the process of volume reduction due to an externally applied pressure.7. 固结是指固体的颗粒被胶结物体结合在一起。Consolidation refers to the binding together of the elements of the solid matrix by a cementing material.8. 对于某些自然界的物体，诸如泥土和淤泥，以及纤维类物质，如布和纸等，由于压实作用可以使孔隙度发生很大的变化。For some naturally porous materials, such as clays and silts, and fibrous materials, such as cloth and paper, compaction may produce significant changes in porosity.9. 而有些十分坚硬的物质，例如石英砂等即使在极为巨大的压实力作用下，其孔隙度也只能产生极其微小的变化。Extremely hard materials like silica sand suffer only slight changes in porosity under rather large compaction pressures.10. 在巨大的压实力作用下，所有的物质在孔隙度上都显示有某种程度的不可逆性。For extreme compaction pressures, all materials show some irreversible change in porosity.11. 这是由于颗粒或物体的基质单元产生的变形和碾碎或者有时还会出现重新结晶的结果。This is due to distortion and crushing of the grains or matrix elements of the material and, in some cases, recrystallization.12. 影响岩石孔隙度大小的最大的因素是胶结。The most significant factor in the determination of the porosities of rocks is cementation. 13. 已固结的沉积岩，在原始状态下是未固结的岩块，在漫长的地质年代中经受了巨大的胶结作用而形成的。Consolidated sedimentary rocks are regarded as initially unconsolidated sands which have undergone significant cementation during geologic time. 14. 存在于原始颗粒之间的这种胶结物可以根据其化学成份来区分。This cementation, which exists principally at what were originally grain contacts, can be distinguished, in most cases, from the original grain material by its chemical composition. 15. 当孔隙空间被这种胶结物充填后，其孔隙度就会急剧地下降。As the pore space is filled with cementing material, great reduction in porosity can occur.16. 另一种胶结类型为一些人工固结的多孔介质。Another type of cementation occurs in some artificially consolidated porous materials. 17. 陶瓷制品、烧结玻璃和烧结后的金属代表着一种由熔化而固结起来的多孔物质。Ceramics, sintered glass and sintered metals represent porous materials which have been consolidated essentially by fusion.18. 在所有天然物质的孔隙度中天然的粘土的孔隙度的范围是最大的。Naturally occurring clays exhibit the greatest range of porosity of all natural materials. 19. 粘土呈现像片状似的颗粒。Clays occur in the form of plate-like grains.20. 这些物质一般说来具有很大的吸湿性，其中有些，例如蒙脱石，能够吸收几倍于它们本身的体积的水，在此过程中产生了膨胀。These materials are generally speaking very hygroscopic; some, such as montmorillonite, can absorb several times their own volume in water, undergoing considerable swelling in the process.21. 由于粘土是由类似片状的颗粒所组成的，因而可以想象这种物质对于压实作用是十分敏感的。Since clays are composed of very small plate-like grains, it should be expected that they would be very susceptible to compaction. 22. 由此可以推出结论，粘土的孔隙度随着地下深度的增加其孔隙度会越低。Consequently, the porosities of clays should be lower for increasing depth below the earths surface.23. 虽然胶结和压实会使天然岩石的孔隙度降低，但其他次生因素又会使孔隙度增加。Although cementation and compaction tend to reduce the porosities of natural rocks, other secondary factors tend to increase their porosities. 24. 地下水在这种岩石孔隙中流过时产生的化学淋滤和物理侵蚀扩大了孔隙。Chemical leaching and physical erosion due to the flow of ground water through the porous rocks enlarge the pores.25. 这一过程最明显的例子可以在天然溶洞中观察到。Extreme examples of this process are seen in natural caverns.26. 根据孔隙度的定义，显然可知，只要对总体积，孔隙体积和固体体积这三个量中知道其中的两个量，就可确定多孔介质的孔隙度。From the definition of porosity, it is evident that the porosity of a sample of porous material can be determined by measuring any two of the three quantities; bulk volume, pore volume or solids volume. 27. 可以用许多方法测量到孔隙度，例如直接法、气体膨胀法、压汞法、吸入法和统计法等。So porosity can be measured by a lot of methods, such as Direct Method, Gas Expansion Method, Mercury Injection Method, Imbibition Method, Statistical Method.28. 孔隙物质的比表面的定义是指单位体积的孔隙物质的隙间表面积。29. The specific surface of a porous material is defined as the interstitial surface area of the pores per unit of bulk volume of porous material.30. 显然，精细结构的物质比粗粒结构的物体会显示出更大的比表面。It is obvious that finely structured materials will exhibit a much greater specific surface area than coarse materials will.31. 比表面在过滤塔、反应塔和离子交换塔的设计中起着重要的作用。Specific surface plays an important role in the design of filter columns, reactor columns and ion exchange columns. 32. 在涉及多孔介质中流体的传导和渗透性时，它也是一个重要的参数。这方面在讲柯兹尼方程时会有更详细的讨论。It is also an important parameter with regard to the fluid conductivity or permeability of a porous material. This point is discussed at greater length in connection with the Kozeny equation.33. 比表面是面积与体积的比值，它的因次为1L。Since specific surface is the ratio of area to volume its dimensions are 1/L.34. 渗透率是多孔介质的一个性质，它表示一个压力梯度存在时流体在多孔介质中流动难易程度的一个特性。Permeability is the property of a porous material which characterizes the ease with which a fluid may be made to flow through the material by an applied pressure gradient. 35. 渗透率是在多孔介质中的液体传导特性。Permeability is the fluid conductivity of the porous material.36. 在1858年达西第一次明确地定义说明多孔介质中流体传导特性的一个参数。That a parameter characterizing the fluid conductivity of a porous material can be meaningfully defined was first demonstrated by Darcy in 1856. 37. 实际上，根据可测的数值定义渗透率的方程被称为达西定律。In fact, the equation which defines permeability in terms of measurable quantities is called Darcys law.38. 假如不可压缩流体在孔隙介质中作水平线性流，该介质在流动方向上长为L，截面积为A，则渗透率定义为K = (q AP)/(L)If horizontal linear flow of an incompressible fluid is established through a sample of porous material of length L in the direction of flow and cross sectional area A, then the permeability, K, of the material is defined as K = (q AP)/(L)39. 其中q是以体积表示的单位时间的流量，是流体的粘度，而P是施加于该长度的压差。Here q is the fluid flow rate in volume per unit time, is the viscosity of the fluid and P is the applied pressure difference across the length of the specimen.40. 渗透率K的值取决于多孔介质的结构。The value of the permeability, K, is determined by the structure of the porous material. 41. 根据定义的方程，K具有长度平方的因次。From the defining equation, it is seen that K has dimensions of length squared.42. 可以大致上把渗透率理解为物体平均内孔隙直径的平方。K is roughly a measure of the mean square pore diameter in the material. 43. 许多孔隙物质在它们的结构上具有方向性。44. Many porous materials have a directional quality in their structure.45. 结果是，当流体通过一个立方体的孔隙介质时垂直于流动方向上每一个断面处的渗透率值是不同的。As a consequence, the permeabilities measured with flow perpendicular to each face of a cube of such material are not all equal.46. 这种物质称为各向异性的多孔介质。Such materials are termed anisotropic porous media.47. 渗透率的单位一般采用达西(d)，这个单位定义为：The unit most widely employed for permeability is the darcy(d), this unit is defined: 48. 粘度为1个厘泊的流体，通过各边为1厘米的一个立方体时，压差为一个大气压，则介质的渗透率为一个达因。For a material of one darcy permeability a pressure difference of 1 atmosphere will produce a flow rate of cubic centimeter per second of a fluid with 1 centipoise viscosity through a cube having sides 1 centimeter in length.49. 对于非常“致密”的物体采用毫达西，l毫达西=0.001达西。For very “tight” materials the millidarcy, (md) =0.001 d, is used.50. 显然，渗透率或多或少地是一种统计的方法，它必定取决于孔隙结构的几何形状。51. It is obvious that permeability must be determined by the geometry of the porous structure in a more or less statistical fashion.52. 许多尝试曾做过以建立起渗透率与孔隙结构之间的理论。Many attempts have been made to construct a theory which relates this structure to permeability. 53. 史采地格对所有这些理论曾作过详细的回顾。54. A rather complete review of such theories is given by Scheidegger.55. 这里仅对其中的一部分理论进行阐述。A few of these theories are described here.56. 柯兹尼理论是把多孔介质处理为一束等长的毛管束。The theory of Kozeny treats the porous medium as a bundle of capillary tubes of equal length. 57. 这些毛管不一定是圆截面。These tubes are not necessarily of circular cross section. 58. 根据在一个系统中产生缓慢的稳定的流动常规水动力学方程的解，柯兹尼可以得到渗透率的表达形式。By considering the solution of the classical hydrodynamic equations for slow, steady flow through such a system, Kozeny was able to have the form of Permeability.59. 曾提出了许多对柯兹尼方程的修正。Numerous modifications of the Kozeny equation have been proposed. 60. 其中一个修正说明了多孔介质内的流动不是直线形的。One such modification is proposed to account for the fact that the tubes of flow in a porous medium are not straight.61. 另一种子近似方法是建立孔隙结构与渗透率的关系。Another approach to the relation between pore structure and permeability is also based on a capillary-tube model. 62. 它根据“孔隙大小分布”来计算渗透率。This is the calculation of permeability from pore-size distribution.63. 在这种情况下，把孔隙物质处理为一束具有同样长度、但横截面半径大小不同的毛管束。In this scheme, the porous material is treated as a bundle of capillary tubes having equal lengths and circular cross sections with a distribution of radii. 64. 在每一根毛管中的流动都遵循亨琴-泊叶定律，在此系统内的流动与半径分布函数有关。Since the flow through each tube is given by the Hagen-Poiseuille law, the flow through the system can be related to the radius-distribution function, which, in turn, yields an expression for permeability. 65. 理查德等利用了孔隙大小分布的理论并采用压汞注入方法，在一种沉积岩石中获得了成功。Gournay and Reichertz have applied this theory with pore-size distributions determined by the mercury injection method rather successfully to sedimentary rocks.66. 对于不胶结的多孔介质，例如像砂岩，可以须计其孔隙空间的几何形状密切地与固体砂子颗粒的形状及其大小分布有关。In the case of unconsolidated porous materials, such as sand, one would expect the geometry of the pore space to be very closely relate to the shape and size distribution of the grains of solid. 67. 克罗平与蒙克曾经指出，把渗透率描述为大小分布函数的一个参数是完全可以的。Krumbien and Mond have shown that it is possible to relate certain parameters of the grain size distribution function of sands to their permeability. 68. 对于具有中等的球形颗粒、且颗粒有着正常的分布(按筛选方法确定)的那类砂岩，发现在渗透率、几何平均颗粒直径这两者与分布函数的标准偏差之间存在着相应的关系。For sands having moderately spherical grains and essentially a normal distribution of grain size (as determined by a sieve analysis), these investigators found a correlation between permeability, the geometric mean particle diameter and the standard deviation of the distribution function.69. 即使在没有进一步讨论各种渗透率结构的理论的情况下，仍然可以做出某些一般性的结论。Without going further into discussion of the various structural theories of permeability, certain general conclusions are possible. 70. 渗透率必然正比于平均的孔隙直径或半径的平方，孔隙大小的排列对于确定渗透率的值是一个重要的因素。Permeability must be proportional to some sort of mean square pore diameter, of radius squared, and the spread of pore size must also be an important factor in the determination of the permeability. 71. 这些因素对于确定比表面也是很重要的，因而可知柯兹尼理论也应当是与孔隙大小分布有关的。Of course, these factors also determine the specific surface of the material and hence the Kozeny theory also relates to pore size distribution.72. 压缩性的定义为 c=d vv dPCompressibility is defined by C = dV/ (Vdp)73. 对于多孔的岩石，压缩系数直接受孔隙度的影响。For porous rocks, it is found that compressibility depends explicitly on porosity.74. 根据对灰岩、砂岩和页岩的研究可知，孔隙岩石的应力状态极大地影响到岩石的压缩强度。Studies conducted on porous limestones, sandstones and shales show that state of stress of a porous rock greatly affects the compressive strength of the rock. 75. 特别是岩样孔隙内部液体压力与外部压力差，决定了该岩样将会出现的断裂的类型。In particular, differences in internal fluid pressure and external pressure on a sample determine the type of mechanical failure that will occur. 76. 当外部压力超过内部压力时，断裂的方式由脆性断裂变为韧性断裂，随着压差增加，屈服强度也增加。As the excess of external over internal pressure increases, the mode of failure changes from brittle failure to malleable failure. The yield strength increases as this pressure difference is increased.77. 特别是在陶土工业方而进行的某些研究表明，孔隙介质固结的方式决定了该物质机械强度的最大限度。Some studies, particularly in the ceramic industry, show that the manner in which consolidation of a porous material takes place determines to a major extent the mechanical strength of a consolidated porous material. 78. 尤其是对于一个干孔隙介质的胶结物，在外界压力作用下会发生重新结晶，该物质的压缩性和抗张强度将随着胶结压力的增加而增加。In particular, when consolidation of a dry porous material is produced by recrystalization due to applied pressure, the compressive and tensile strength of the material increases with increasing consolidation pressure.79. 孔隙物质的空间也许为某一流体部分地占用，而其余的空间可能被空气或其他气体占据。The void space of porous material may be partially filled with a liquid, the remaining void space being occupied by air or some other gas. 80. 或者，两者互不混溶的液体可能都各自占有一部分空间，或者三种不混溶的液体各自占有一部分空间，不论上述各种可能情况中的那一种，弄清每一种流体占有多少空间是一个很重要的问题。Or, two immiscible liquids may jointly fill the void space. In either of these cases or the case of three immiscible fluids jointly fill the void space, the question as to how much of the void space is occupied by each fluid is very important.81. 某一流体在多孔介质中的饱和度，其定义为该种流体充满介质的孔隙体积的百分数。The saturation of a porous medium with respect to a particular fluid is defined as the fraction of the void volume of the medium filled by the fluid in question. 82. 对于流体W，其饱和度Sw可定义为：Thus, denoting the saturation with respect to fluid w by Sw, the definition of saturation is 83. Sw =流体在介质中所占的体积与介质的孔隙总体积之比Sw = volume of fluid in the medium / total volume of voids in the medium84. 若有两种流体O和W，它们同时占有孔隙空间，于是有Sw + So = 1Thus for two fluids, w and o say, jointly filling the void space, it follows that Sw + So = 185. 对于三种不混溶的流体也应当有相似的关系式。With a similar relation holding for three immiscible fluids. 86. 可知饱和度仅仅是一个表示大小的数值，它并不考虑流体在多孔隙结构中的分布关系，还应指出，饱和度是一个无因次的量。Observe that saturation is a bulk property which ignores the relative distributions of the fluids within the porous structure of the material. Also note that saturation is a dimensionless quantity.87. 几种方法已经广泛地应用于计算流体饱和度。Several methods have been rather widely used for measuring fluid saturations. 88. 这些是体积平衡法、直接称重法、电阻法、X-射线法吸收法等。These are volumetric Balance Method, Direct Weighing Method, Electrical Resistivity Method, X-Ray Absorption Method.89. 有两种不混溶的流体，在它们交界处存在压力不连续性，这种特性取决于两种流体分界面处的曲率。When two immiscible fluids are in contact a discontinuity in pressure exists between the two fluids which depends upon the curvature of the interface separation the fluids. 90. 我们称这种压力差为毛管压力，并用符号P c表示。This pressure difference, which we call the capillary pressure, is denoted by Pc.91. 当两种不混溶的流体在一个有界的固体表面处接触，例如在一根毛细管内，两流体的接触面与固体表面相交成一个夹角，称为接触角。For two immiscible fluids in contact within a bounding solid surface, a capillary tube for example, the fluid-fluid interface intersects the solid surface at an angle termed the contact angle . 92. 这个角可以按杨氏公式来确定 cos = (s1 s2)/12This angle is determined by Youngs equation cos = (s1 s2)/1293. s1是第一种流体与固体界面处的单位自由能，同样，s2是第二种流体与固体界面处的单位自由能。s1 is the specific free energy of the interface between the solid and fluid number 1 and s2 is the corresponding quantity for the interface between the solid and fluid number 2. 94. 界面张力(或称为一个界面上的单位自由能)，其因次是单位长度上的力。Interfacial tension (or specific free energy of an interface) has the dimension of force per unit length. 95. 在大多数参考手册上采用厘米达因表示。In most tables and handbook references, it is expressed in dynes per centimeter.96. 如果s1大于s2，为锐角，称流体l是润湿固体的。If s1s2 then is an acute angle and fluid 1 is said to wet the solid. 97. 这意味着流体l比流体2更能在固体表面扩张，如果s1小于s2，反之亦然。That is, fluid 1 has a greater tendency to spread over the solid surface than does fluid 2. For s1s2, then fluid 1 tends to flow spontaneously in along the walls of the pores, displacing fluid 2. 100. 润湿相的流体依靠吸附去除非润湿相流体。The wetting fluid is said to displace the non-wetting fluid by imbibition. 101. 当润湿相大量地占有各种孔隙而使得流体界而达到最大的弯曲，此时平衡过程始终遵循杨氏公式。Equilibrium results when the wetting fluid has accumulated in those pores and interstices which permit the greatest curvature of the fluid-fluid interface, consistent with Youngs equation. 102. 在这种情况下，润湿相首先总是先占有最小的孔隙。Thus, the wetting fluid tends to fill the smallest pores first.103. 所有的毛管压力与饱和度曲线都显示出，在润湿相流体饱和度值很低的情况下，会具有很大的斜率值。All capillary pressure-saturation curves show a characteristically large slope for some low value of wetting fluid saturation. 104. 在大多数情况下，泄流区内的毛管压力曲线上显示出，当毛管压力润湿相饱和度已达到某一极限值时，如果要使其饱和度再下降一个即使是一个无限小的值，也会需要一个极大的压力(几乎是无限大)。105. In most cases, the drainage capillary-pressure curve shows that extremely high (approaching infinite) pressures are required to produce an infinitesimal reduction in wetting fluid saturation when a particular limiting saturation is approached.106. 这种极限饱和度称为残余油饱和度(在水的条件下是束缚水饱和度)。This limiting saturation is called the irreducible saturation (or in the case of water, the connate water saturation).107. 虽然可以认为在残余油饱和度条件下的剩余流体是可以移动的(例如用加热的方法)，但从实用的角度看，靠注入非润湿相流体是不可能形成流动的。Though the remaining fluid at the irreducible saturation can be removed by heating (for example), for all practical purposes it cannot be removed by injections of non-wetting fluid. 108. 在大多数实际问题中，假定在一个有限的残余润湿性流体饱和度时，毛管压力会变得无限大。Thus, in most physical problems, it will be assumed that Pc becomes infinite at a finite irreducible wetting fluid saturation.109. 对于大多数孔隙介质而言，残余油饱和度与渗透率之间存在着相互关系，既然这两个参数都与“孔隙大小”有关。For most porous materials a correlation exists between the irreducible saturation, Sc, and permeability. 110. 所有这两个参数之间确实应当是彼此有关的。Such a correlation should exist since both quantities are related to “pore size”.111. 毛管压力与饱和度曲线上已被用于推断多孔介质中的孔隙大小分布。Capillary pressure-saturation curves have been employed to infer what is t