2015翻译技巧(多处总结精心笔记).pdf

The TranslationThe Translation 英语英语句子的基本结构句子的基本结构 英语句子的两大修辞成分 定语成分和状语成分 并且往往是定语和状语成 分的出现使得句子的结构错综复杂 定语定语成分成分 英文中定语成分是用来修饰句子中名词或名词性结构的 可以是前置定语放 在被修饰对象面前 也可以是后置定语放在被修饰对象之后 还可以是以一个句 子的成分形式出现 若被修饰名词和分词的行为动作成被动关系 则用过去分词 作定语结构 若被修饰名词和分词的行为动作成主动关系 则用现在分词作定于 结构 而且定语成分在句子中可出现在任何含有名词或名词性结构的前后 常见 的英文定语成分有以下四种情况 形容词形容词定语定语 The external and internal criticism 业外人士和业内人士的评论 分词分词定语定语 These sudden devastating waves 这些突发的 灾难的海浪 前置分词 There is nothing interesting 没有有趣的东西 后置分词 The good life is one inspired by love 优质的生活由爱激发 介词介词短语短语及及不定不定式式 The teacher spoke so slowly that everyone in the class could follow 老师说得很慢 因此课堂上每一位同学都能跟得上 The meeting to be held next Monday will be important 将于下周一举行的会议非常重要 定语定语从句从句 The package you are carrying is about to come unwrapped 你拿的包快开了 for those goods and services that they want most 为了得到那些他们最想要的产品和服务 状语状语成分成分 状语成分是含义较为广泛的语言成分 语言中的行为动作所发生的时间 地点 目 的 结果等都是状语结构 可以去修饰除名词外的一个行为动作 一个形容词或一 个介词短语等 大多数情况下 状语结构是用来修饰整个句子的 常见的状语成分 的表现形式有 副词副词状语状语 That boy is seriously ill 那个男孩病得很严重 介词介词短语状语短语状语 The grammatical patterns in a language can produce far reaching consequences for the culture of a society 一种语言的语法模式对于一个社会文化来说能够产生深远的影响 不定式不定式目的状语目的状语 To celebrate the 10th anniversary of our company and to promote further development of our business we have decided to make a new homepage for our company 为了庆祝我公司成立十周年 并且为了进一步拓展业务 我们已经决定为公司 制作一个新的网站 He learns English to go abroad 他学习英语是为了出国 分词分词伴随状语伴随状语 The man rose from the ground beating the dust off his clothes 这个人从地上站起来 掸掉衣服上的灰尘 Read the directions carefully and act as instructed 仔细阅读使用说明 并按要求去做 独立主格独立主格结构结构 Weather permitting we are going to visit you tomorrow 如果天气允许 我们打算明天去看你 The football match being over crowds of people poured out into the street 足球赛一结束 人群便涌到大街上 The strike having been called off the workers returned to the factory 罢工已经取消 工人们返回了工厂 The strike和call off是被动关系 用完成时态 强调 call off 发生在 return 之前 With the door open he left the classroom 他打开门 走出了教室 He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him 全班都盯着他 这让他感到很不安 状语状语从句从句 Though the sore be healed yet a scar may remain 伤口虽愈合 但伤疤留下了 I have revised the draft of the agreement as you demand 按照你的要求 我已经修改好了协议的草稿 He failed to arrive at the airport punctually in that he had suffered a terrible traffic jam 由于他遭遇了严重的堵车 他没能准时到达机场 Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste we are no longer free to choose the things we want for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us 虽然我们可以自夸自己敏锐的鉴赏力 但我们已经不能自主选择自己所需的 东西了 因为广告对我们施加了微妙的影响 英语英语句子句子三种三种从句类型从句类型 名词性名词性从句从句 Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up 我们是否发现一个笑话可笑很大程度上取决于我们是哪里长大的 前面是主 语从句 后面是宾语从句 They reached a merger agreement on the understanding that both parties would be committed to expanding the market share of the company in Europe 他们达成了合并协议 条件是双方共同致力于扩大公司在欧洲的市场份额 同 位语从句 The order came to us that all people should evacuate the village 我们接到命令 所有人撤离村子 同位语从句 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount reliability and appropriateness of the information used 这些预测将如何更好的被后来的表现所证实是有效的 取决于所使用的信息 的数量 可靠性和恰当性 That our environment has little if anything to do with our abilities character and behavior is central to this theory 如果我们的环境同我们的能力 性格特点和行为有一些联系的话 那也是微不 足道的 这是这一理论的核心 The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker more visible and much more damaging ways 给市场人士提供更多的交流选择的这种显著的技术变革也同时增加了风险 激动的消费者们会以更快 更明显的和更具破坏力的方式吐露他们的意见 However the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong 在贫穷国家为了促进经济的快速发展 教育应该是最优先考虑之一 然而这个 传统的观点是错的 先翻从句 再翻主句 定语定语从句从句 The study of mind remained the province of philosophy until the nineteenth century when experimental psychology developed and when Wilhelm Wundt and his students initiated laboratory methods for studying mental operations more systematically 到了十九世纪 实验心理学得到发展 威廉 冯特和他的学生们开始用实验的方 法更加系统地研究心理活动 然而在此之前 对于人类思想意识的研究一直局 限于哲学的范畴 状译法要判断句子逻辑关系 此处转折 The American economic system is organized around a basically private enterprise market oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most 美国的经济体系基本上是围绕着一个私有企业和以市场为向导的经济而组织 的 在这个体系中 消费者们通过在市场消费获得他们最想要的产品和服务 这 在很大程度上决定应当生产什么 分译法 The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice which finally became the threat needed to be controlled 当地政府在这个地区引入这些蛇是希望他们可以控制大量的老鼠 然而最终 这些蛇成为了需要去控制的威胁 状译法要判断句子逻辑关系 此处转折 I promise to send all the books needed for your English exam to the students who could follow my instruction and work hard 如果这些学生可以听从我的指导并且努力学习 我将承诺给这些学生赠送为 英语考试需要的书 状译法要判断句子逻辑关系 此处条件 Actually it isn t because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights which is something the world does not have 事实并非如此 因为这种问法假定以人们对人权有共同的认识为基础的 而这 种认识并不存在 注 it assumes 指 问法假定是 状译法要判断句子逻辑关系 此处转折 状语状语从句从句 However the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world s more fascinating and delightful aspects 然而 这个世界就是如此 以至于完美的体系在原则上却不能处理世界上一些 更为引人入胜的方面 While it is true that living organisms are profoundly affected by their environment it is equally important to remember that many organisms are also capable of altering their habitat significantly sometimes limiting their own growth 尽管 存活的生物深受它们所处环境的影响是千真万确的 但是许多生物也有 能力极大地改变它们所处的栖息地 而这有时又限制了生物自身的生长 这种 情况同样应该引起人们重视 英语英语长难句长难句分析分析 形式形式主主语语结构结构 It is quite sad when divorces come with small provocations when parents and children give up on one another when friendships falter at the first injury 当离婚伴随着小小的煽动 当父母和孩子相互抛弃 当友谊在第一次伤害时就 支离破碎 因此这的确让人非常伤心 It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession 用公众的钱花好几年培训结果却是让合格的教师或护士在一到两年之后结婚 而且永远从她的职业中消失 这是一种极度的浪费 only to 结果却是 It is expected that John will be back by ten 按照预计约翰将十点回来 强调强调句型结构句型结构 Thus in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it 因此 在美国的经济体系中 个体消费者的需求要与追求最大化利润的商人的 欲望相结合 也要与追求最大化收入的个体的欲望相结合 这一起决定了应该 生产什么 以及资源如何被用来生产他们 被动语态被动语态结结构构 The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader 反对种族歧视的运动是由一个著名黑人领袖亲自发起和领导的 译为 是 的 由 的 New evidence must be found 必须找到新证据 In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century the art of the primitive of symbol and of imagination 在他的态度中可以发现 20 世纪艺术的种子 充满原始 象征和想象的艺术 In his attitude 置前引起全部倒装 Rubber is found to be a good isolating material 人们发现橡胶是很好的绝缘材料 增加主语 平行平行省略结构省略结构 In general the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined 总体来说 当需要测定的质量可以精确的界定出来 这些测试就能有效的发挥 作用 然而这些需要测定或预测的质量不能很好的界定出来 这些测试就不能 有效的发挥作用 and 后面省略了 the tests work As families move away from their stable community their friends of many years their extended family relationships the informal flow of information is cut off and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable 随着家庭远离他们稳定的社区 远离他们多年的朋友 远离他们拓展的家庭关 系 把这些非正式的信息流动切断了 并且随着这些非正式的信息流动的切断 他们的信心即在需要时信息将变得有效 值得信赖和可靠也遭到切断了 with 后面的 it 指代 the informal 那句话 在 confidence 后面省略了 is cut off 并且 confidence 引导同位语从句 比较句型比较句型结构结构 There is more agreement on that John is good teacher than on what kind of person he is 大家一致认为约翰是一个好老师 但对于他是一个什么样的人观点却不一 致 than 后面省略了 there is agreement more than 结构中肯定 than 前面的 否 定 than 后面的 I am not expected to kill people any more than US troops to withdraw from Asia 你别指望我去谋财害命 就像你别指望美国军队从亚洲撤兵 not any no 表示 前后都否定 troops 后面省略了 are expected He cannot so much as write a word 他甚至连一个字都不会写 not so much as 甚至不 Science moves forward they say not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools 他们说 科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见 不如说源自改进的技术 和工具等更为普通的东西 not so much A as B less A than B与其说A 不如说B 否定否定结构句型结构句型 I don t speak English and French 我讲英语但不讲法语 否定转移 She did not come because she wanted to see me 她来并不是因为想见我 否定转移 I don t know both of you 我只认识你们两个其中一个 部分否定 句中有一个否定词 一个全部肯定词 I cannot promote either of you 你们两个我都不能提拔 全部否定 You cannot be too careful 你再小心也不为过 形否意肯 not too 肯定语气 You cannot overestimate your potential 你的潜力再怎么估计也不为过 形否意肯 not over 肯定语气 No one believe but he will be succeed 人们相信他会成功 no but 都 It never rains but pours 下雨就下倾盆大雨 never but 总是 There is no smoke without fire 有烟必有火 否定词 without 每 必 All that glitters is not gold 并非发光的都是金子 not all 并非 The beauty of the park is more than words can describe 公园的美丽无法用语言形容 more than can 无法 难以 倒装倒装结构句型结构句型 Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a mistake 只有当说出那个字他才意识到自己犯了错误 To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out 她的彩排进行得那么长 以至于那两个演员都走了 Seldom do l go to work by bus 我很少做公车去上班 This is the world out of which grows the hope for the first time in history of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear 这是历史上第一次孕育社会希望的世界 在这个世界中将存在一个远离欲望 远离恐惧的社会 定语从句嵌套 this is the world the hope grows out of the world there will from fear in the society Among the advantages that future biochips or living computers would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller they do not generate as much heat and they allow for the parallel processing of information making them faster than today s semiconductor devices 未来的生物芯片或者 活的计算机 将会超越传统半导体而具有以下优点 体积 小 不会产生更多的热量 并能进行信息的并行处理 使其比当今的半导体元件 更加快速 advantages 后面引导定语从句 介词短语居于句首引导倒装 Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair dye color 尽管红色在过去不怎么流行 现在却是一种备受欢迎的染发颜色 There be 句型句型 There will be snow on high ground 在高地上将会有雪 状译法 There is an agreement that the islands belong to us 人们一致同意这些岛属于我们 增译 人们 There exist many temples in the country 这个国家有很多寺庙 翻译为 有 存在 出现 演练演练 1 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development 译 行为主义者认为孩子在有许多刺激物的环境中成长将会经历更好的智力 发展 而这些刺激物有利于培养其适当反应的能力 分析 定语从句嵌套 主句是 the child will experience intellectual development 2 His primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity any more than a business is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business 译 他的主要任务不是去考虑约束自己行为的道德准则 就像商人不期望专注 于商业中行为规则的探索 分析 比较结构句型 定语从句 其中 not any more than 前后均否定 3 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be 译 希腊人认为语言结构和思维过程存在一些联系 这种观点在人们意识到语 言是多么的千差万别之前就在欧洲扎根了 分析 定语从句 感叹句 which 引导非限制性定语从句 指代前面整个观点 4 Creating a European identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice 译 创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的 欧洲共识 绝非易事 并且需要一种战略 性选择 而这些不同文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织在了一起 分析 定语从句嵌套 5 In fact it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories 译 实际上 很难看出那些对加拿大宪法的基本特征还未清楚掌握的新闻工作 者如何能胜任这份政治新闻报道的工作 分析 形式主语 定语从句 6 In Europe where forestry is ecologically more advanced the non commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community to be preserved as such within reason 译 在生态上林业更发达的欧洲 把非商用的林木认为是原始森林群落的一部 分 会同样受到合理的保护 分析 定语从句 主句是 tree are recognized as members 7 Powering the great ongoing changes of our time is the rise of human creativity as the defining feature of economic life 译 作为我们经济生活的突出特点 人类创造力的不断进步推动着我们时代正 在进行的各种伟大变化 分析 状语从句 倒装句 即为了修饰作用的主系表倒装 8 He did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning 译 他不能接受他的某些批评者做出的指责有充分依据 这些批评者认为虽然 他善于观察 但他不善于推理 分析 同位语从句 状语从句 as well founded 译为有充分依据 9 The idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media 译 记者必须比普通公民对法律有更深刻的理解 这种观点依赖于对新闻媒体 既定的惯例和特殊的责任的理解 分析 同位语从句 主句是 the idea rests on an understanding 10 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned orderly systematic and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 译 社会科学是知识探索的分支 知识探索是用理性的 有序的 系统的 和冷静 的方式寻求研究人类及其行为 而自然科学家就是用这种方式研究自然现象 分析 表语从句 定语从句 先行词 manner 插入到 use 后做宾语翻译 11 I shall define intellectual as an individual who has elected as him primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems 译 我把知识分子定义为一种人 这个人会选择对道德问题以苏格拉底的方式 去进行思维活动作为自己生活中主要的职责和快乐 分析 定语从句 状语从句 define as 把 定义为 as in life 作为状语 12 If railroads charged all customers the same average rate they argue shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line 译 他们认为 如果铁路公司向所有客户按相同比率收费 那些可以选择货车或 者其他运输方式的托运人可能会不用铁路运输 选择货车或其他运输方式 而 其余的客户需要承担铁路运营的费用 分析 定语从句 分词结构作状语 line 指铁路 13 At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold 译 无论如何 不管当前消费模式能维持多久 这种变化将最终受国内外持续增 长的消费者的称赞 分析 让步状语从句 被动语态 14 We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to or to be more accurate we can think only a very little outside and then only if we are very original 译 我们不能挣脱我们大脑所限定的特定模式去思考问题 或者更准确的说 我 们只能稍微跳出这种思维 而这也需要我们有独创的思想 分析 省略结构 we can little outside 后面省略了 the particular patterns only if 只有 15 What they found in attempting to model thought is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined 译 在试图模仿人类思维时 他们发现人类的大脑粗略估计有 1k 亿个神经细胞 远比他们预想的聪明 人类的认知也远比预想复杂 分析 主语从句 比较结构 16 Mr Hurt blogged about the book and the training session writing that he expected a massive impact on his company s culture even though it might mean a decrease in the time employees spend at work while they are going through the exercises 译 Hurt 先生在网上发表了关于这本书和培训课程的博客 他写道他希望这本 书和培训课程能对他的公司文化产生巨大的影响 即使这意味着在做练习时 会减少员工工作时间 分析 宾语从句嵌套定语从句和让步状语从句 in the time 后省略了 that 17 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend 译 将来会有由机器人主持的电视聊天节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车 一旦 这些汽车污染排放超标时 监控器就会让汽车停驶 分析 定语从句 monitor 监控器 disable 停驶 offend 排放超标 18 Darwin believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations 译 达尔文说正是这种困难给他带来了弥补性优势 那就是这会迫使他对自己 的每句话都经过长时间认真的思考