英语语法动词篇.doc

总结：动词一动词的时态一般现在时 ( The Simple Present tense) :主语为第三人称单数,谓动要变化,其余人称用原形. 一般过去时 ( The Simple Past Tense ): 谓动用动词过去式现在进行时(The Present Continuous Tense): be (am, are, is)+ 过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense)：was/ were + doing现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense): have (has) +过去分词概念：表示过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态, 或表示发生在过去的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense): had + 过去分词概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|-过去之前 过去现在将来一般将来时( The Simple Future Tense )1. will / be going to do2. be +to do，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to have an exam this week.3. be about to do, 表示马上做某事, 不能与明确表示将来的时间状语连用.He is about to leave for Beijing.二动词的语态：主动语态和被动语态。被动语态：一般现在时: be( am/are/is) + p.p.( 过去分词)一般过去时: be(was/ were) + p.p.一般将来时: will be + p.p.现在进行时: be( am/are/is)+ being+ p.p.过去进行时:be(was/ were )+ being+ p.p.现在完成时: have/ has+ been + p.p.过去完成时:had + been + p.p.句子成分(Members of a Sentence)句子的组成成分叫句子成分。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。英语五种基本句型列式如下：a： （主谓）b： （主系表）c： （主谓宾）d： （主谓间宾直宾）e： （主谓宾宾补）1主语 ( Subject ) 是一个句子中所要表达、描述的人或物，是句子的主体。主语可以是名词、代词、数词、非谓语动词、名词化的形容词和从句等。 Tom is in charge of a limited company. 他主管一家有限公司。I get an idea. 我有一个主意。 Two and two is / are four. 二加二等于四。 When to begin is not known yet. 什么时间开始还不知道。 Smoking is bad to health. 吸烟对身体有害。 The wounded has been taken to the hospital. 伤员已经送到医院。 What I know is important. 我所知道的很重要。 2谓语 ( Predicate ) 说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。谓语由谓语动词和其它成分组成。根据动词的结构分为下列五种形式： 2-a主语+ 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verb) 不及物动词没有宾语，独立地或和状语一起构成谓语。It all depends. 得看情况而定/再说。You grow up. 你长大了。The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 We arrived at Beijing yesterday. 我们昨天到达北京。 They have worked for tree hours this morning. 他们今早工作了三个小时。 We have to survive without help. 没有帮助地我们必须活下去。What happened to him? 他怎么了？However，we survived. 不管怎样，我们幸存了下来。2-b主语+系动词(Link Verb) +表语(Predicative) 表语说明主语的性质, 身份, 特征和状态。连系动词和表语一起构成句子的谓语。表语可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句。 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。These desks are yellow. 这些桌子是黄色的。 Class is over. 下课了。 She is ten. 她十岁了。 My work is teaching English. 我的工作是教英语。 The dictionary is in the bag. 词典在书包里面。 My question is how you knew him. 我的问题是你如何认识他的。 2-c主语+ 及物动词(Transitive Verb) +宾语 (Object) 宾语是动作所涉及的对象,或动作的承受者。宾语可以是名词、代词、非谓语动词或从句。 I saw a cat in the tree. 我看见一只猫在树上。 We help each other. 我们互相帮忙。I dont know him very well. 我不太了解他。I want to go shopping. 我想去买东西。 I like reading. 我喜欢看书。He said he could be here. 他说他会来的。 The child has been brought up by his grandmother. 这孩子是由他的奶奶带大的。2-d主语+及物动词+间接宾语(Indirect Object)+直接宾语(Direct Object) 有些及物动词要有两个宾语 ,其中一个宾语指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语。间接宾语一般在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面,但间接宾语前须加 to 或for。I gave him a book last week. = I gave a book to him last week. 上周我给了他一本书。He paid the girl $100.= He paid $100 to the girl. 他付给那位姑娘100美元。My girl friend will buy me a gift. = My girl friend will buy a gift for me.我女朋友将给我买一件礼品。 Mother made me a big cake.= Mother made a big cake for me.母亲给我做了一个大蛋糕。He told me that my car was stolen.他告诉我我的车被人偷了。The boss asked us whether we could complete the task on time. 老板问我们是否我们能按期完成任务。 2-e主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(Complement) 有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语, 否则意思不完整, 它们一起构成复合宾语(Compound Object )。复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是双宾语还是复合宾语的依据。宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词。 Her classmates call her Panda. 她的同学称她为熊猫。Please color it red. 请把它涂成红的。 He made us laugh. 他使我们大笑。We saw her sitting by the lake.我们看见她坐在湖边。They asked me to go with them together.他们要我和他们一起去。I have had my bad tooth pulled.我(请大夫)拔了我的坏牙。I found the wolf killed. 我发现狼被杀了。 He pushed open the door and went into the hall.（宾语前，强调the door） 3. 定语 (Attributive) 描述事物的性质、特征、范围等情况的词叫做定语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词和从句都可作定语。一般来说，如果定语放在被修饰词的前面叫做前置定语；如果定语放在被修饰词的后面叫做后置定语。 That is a beautiful flower. 那是一朵漂亮的花。 This is my book, not your book. 这是我的书,不是你的书。 I have a lot of things to do. 我有好多要做的事情。 Our country is a developing country. 我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。 You must give answers to the questions above.你必须回答上面的问题。The TV set made in that factory is very good. 那个工厂生产的电视机很好。The man in the car is an important person.汽车里的那个人是个重要的人物。The man upstairs is a worker who works for Mr. Jones. 楼上的那个人是给琼斯先生干活的工人。4. 状语(Adverbial): 说明事物发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、伴随或程度等情况的词叫状语。名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语以及从句可以做状语。 We went to the countryside last year. 去年我们去了乡下。 I often read the news paper at night. 我经常在晚上看报纸。 We study hard for our country. 我们为我们的国家而努力学习。 I go to school on foot. 我步行去上学。 Im late because I missed the bus. 由于误了车,所以我迟到了。 When he failed in his arithmetic exams in school, people little thought that he would grow up to be one of the leading mathematicians in the country.他上学时算数不及格，人们何曾想到他长大后竟会成为全国闻名的数学家。He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast, and his glaring eyes looking straight upward. 他仰卧着，牙关紧闭，右手紧握按在胸脯上，怒视的眼睛直盯上方。I had never before seen the feeling of being oppressed, bursting forth like a fire. 我从未见过那种被压迫的情感，像火一样地迸发出来。形容词做状语:Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.（主语前） Chen, only 14 years old, has won her third gold in a year.（主语后） They married young.（动词后） 5. 同位语 Appositive两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位，如果它们所指相同而且句法功能也相同，这种结构叫做同位结构，后项叫做前项的同位语。名词、代词、数词、形容词(词组)、非谓语动词和从句都可以做同位语。This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友亨利。We teachers should be responsible for it.我们教师应对此负责。This is Mr. Johnson, director of the health centre. 这是约翰逊先生，医疗中心的主任。They are going to visit Qingdao, a summer resort in northern China. 他们将访问青岛，中国北部的避暑胜地。We have everything we need, land, funds and technology. 我们有我们需要的一切，土地，资金和技术。The plan was completed within three months, half of the usual time.计划在三个月之内被完成，通常的一半时间。We both / all / each put forward a proposal.我们两个/都/各自提出了一项建议。You may leave it to us two / three.你可以把它留给我们俩/仨。People, old and young, like sports.人们，年老的和年轻的，喜欢体育运动。The second is connected with the main use of the body - to supply the energy for movement. 其次与身体的主要用途有关系-为活动提供能量。My job, looking after these naughty children, is boring. 我的工作，照料这些调皮的孩子，是无聊的。And the fact that farmers are also paid by the EU for not growing crops surprises many people.同时这个事实使许多人们感到惊奇，即欧盟付钱给农民不种农作物。Word came that our team won the first prize.消息传来，我们的队已经赢得一等奖。6. 插入语 (Parenthesis) 在句子结构完整的情况下插入的单词、短语或句子，把它去掉后不影响句义。它可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句。If she ran towards the lion, it might attack her. Worse still, it could even carry off the baby in its mouth.如果她朝狮子跑去，它可能会咬她。更糟的是，它可能把婴儿叼走。Personally, Id rather go to the cinema.就我个人来说，我宁愿去看电影。To my joy, the plant did look exactly like what we were looking for. 使我高兴的是，这种植物确实象我们所寻找的。To speak frankly, I dont like the idea.坦白地说，我不喜欢这个主意。Judging from what he said to me today, his minds made up.根据他今天给我所说的来判断，他已经下了决心。What do you think he did yesterday?你想想昨天他干了什么？You are sure to go to college, I think.我想，你肯定能上大学。Only one girl can drive, namely Betty.只有一个姑娘会开车，即贝蒂。In a word, hunger is the biggest problem in the world today. 总之，饥饿是当今世界的一个大问题。What was worse, this wine was not at all suitable for drinking with a meal. 更糟的是，这种酒根本不适合在进餐时饮用。专题二：完形填空广东最近三年高考自主命题的完形填空命题特点以及实词考查对照表： 110adv.624adj.044v.332n.215172206词数数该文记叙了一位南韩学生初到美国学习时所感受到的文化差异。该文记叙了阿尔弗雷德诺贝尔决定设立诺贝尔奖金的经过。该文讲述了并非所有英国神话故事中的仙女都是善良的， 有的也很恶毒， 常给人们带来痛苦。题材记叙文记叙文记叙文体裁2010年2009年2008年年度探究点一:对名词和动词的考查完形填空主要考查语境， 而在通常情况下， 只有实词才能较好地体现语境。20082010年广东高考英语卷完形填空设空全为实词， 如名词、动词、形容词、副词等。 一、名词: 对名词考查的主要项目是名词意义辨析， 此外还有名词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配等。做题时应该注意：1名词的基本意义以及同、近义名词的区分例 ()Chinese arts have won the _ of a lot of people outside China. Aenjoyment Bappreciation Centertainment Dreputation2名词与动词的搭配例 ()I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. Ameaning Bimportance Csense Dsignificance 3名词与介词的搭配例 ()Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within_ of little children. Ahand Breach Cspace Ddistance二、动词:动词是高考考查的热点。命题者通过设置特定的、真实的语境对动词和动词短语的用法进行考查。做题时应该注意：1动词的基本意义、引申意义例 ()Scientists around the world have been studying the warning of waters in the Pacific Ocean known as EL Nino. The appearance of EL Nino is known to _ the weather around the world. Aeffect Baffect Cspoil Dheat2同、近义动词的区分例 ()Four years of study in Hong Kong is not cheap, costing at least 400,000 yuan, but many top students _ scholarships. Aaccept Breceive Crequire Drequest 3动词与介词的搭配例()A month ago, right before leaving Kennedy Airport, my grandma_ me of the behavior of the native mosquitoes around the visitors like me. Apersuaded Breminded Cwarned Dinformed4动词与名词的搭配例()“But they are _damage to our houses and shops of historical interest，” said John Norris, one of the protesters. Adoing Braising Cputting Dproducing5动词短语的意义例() he told me I needed to relax because I looked nervous. After I_， I played better. Afell down Bstepped down Cslowed down Dcalmed down探究点二:对形容词和副词的考查形容词、副词是高考完形填空重要的考查内容。形容词可以修饰名词。副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等。重点掌握以下两类方式副词：(1)由形容词加后缀ly构成的副词， 如slowly(慢慢地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(骄傲地), carelessly(粗心地), properly(适当地， 完全地), successfully(成功地), happily(高兴地), angrily(愤怒地), badly(严重地， 非常)等。 (2)由分词加后缀ly构成的副词， 如surprisingly(使人惊奇的是), hurriedly(匆忙地), undoubtedly(无疑， 必定)等。做题时应该注意：1形容词、副词的基本意义、引申意义 例()Mr. Smith used to smoke _ but he has given it up. Aseriously Bheavily Cbadly Dhardly2同、近义形容词、副词的区别例()Letter boxes are much more_ in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead. Acommon Bnormal Cordinary Dusual3形容词与介词的搭配例 ()This magazine is very _ with young people, who like its content and style. Afamiliar Bpopular Csimilar Dparticular4动词与副词的搭配例 ()I _ recognize the difficult situation the company is in. Astrongly Bdeeply Csincerely Dfully 【解析】注意记忆一些常用表达， 如deeply regret 深感遗憾；fully recognize完全认清；sincerely hope由衷地希望；strongly recommend强烈建议。探究点三:前制性、后制性和语篇性的设空 1前制性设空：答案由已读过的上文决定 例1()I did very badly at school. My headmaster thought I was _ and when I was 14 he said, “Youre never going to be anything but a failure.” Abright Buseless Csimple Dhopeful 2后制性设空：答案由未读过的下文决定例1 ()Liu Mei is among the _ ones. The Chinese University of Hong Kong granted Liu a full scholarship HK$500,000.Not all students are so fortunate. Apoor Bsmart Clucky Dsilent 高考实例：1.（2011浙江卷）完形填空记叙类Although I love my life, it hasnt been a lot of fun as Ive been ill for 28 years.Music has always been a great love of mine and, in my 20s, when my 21 was more manageable , I 22 ten years as a professional singer in restaurants, playing and singing folk songs. 23 that was years ago and times have changed. 24 I live with mother on a country farm.Two years ago, I decided that I would need to have some kind of extra work to 25 my disability pension (残疾抚恤金). 26 I needed to sleep in the afternoons, I was limited in my 27 . I decided that I would consider 28 to singing in restaurants.My family are all musicians, so I was 29 when I went into our local music store. I explained that I wanted to sing again but using recorded karaoke music. I knew that discs were very expensive and I really didnt have a lot of 30 to get started. And 31 you find only three to four songs out of ten on a disc that you can 32 use. When I told the owner of the shop about my 33 ; he gave me a long thoughtful 34 . “This means a lot to you, doesnt it?” he said. “Come with me.” He led me 35 the crowded shop and to a bench with a large professional karaoke box on it. He placed his large hand 36 on his treasure and said, “I have 800 karaoke songs in here. You can take your 37 and Ill record them for you. That should get you started.” I 38 . Thanking him, I made a time with him to listen to all the songs and choose 39 that I could sing. I have come full circle with his help. His 40 still warms my heart and makes me do just that bit extra, when I have the chance. 21. A. loneliness B. sadness C. tiredness D. sickness22. A. set B. enjoyed C. kept D. shared 23. A. Gladly B. Eventually C. Unfortunately D. Surprisingly 24. A. Now B. Then C. Sometime D. Meanwhile 25. A. add up to B. make up for C. get rid of D. take advantage of 26. A. If B. As C. Though D. Before 27. A. movement B. condition C. choices D. positions 28. A. reaching out B. living up C. getting on D. going back 29. A. recognized B. interviewed C. found D. invited 30. A. money B. time C. energy D. knowledge 31. A. thus B. once C. seldom D. often 32. A. actually B. hardly C. nearly D. formerly 33. A. job B. family C. idea D. offer 34. A. face B. view C. look D. sight 35. A. over B. along C. towards D. through 36. A. unhappily B. lovingly C. pitifully D. gratefully 37. A. pick B. turn C. role D. step 38. A. had to cry B. ought to cryC. should have cried D. could have cried 39. A. more B. the ones C. few D. the rest 40. A. courage B. devotion C. kindness D. trust 2.（2011湖南卷）完形填空夹叙夹议类 People in communities have slowly been pushed apart through the years, mostly because people simply arent taking the time to say a simple “hello,” After considering this phenomenon, I decided I was going to 36 the way I was doing things. My 37 came one morning when I was in the community library. I passed by a girl who 38 her books out of her locker .Thinking like most that someone else would help her pick them up, I continued my way. However, when I had to 39 because I stupidly forgot my book, I noticed she had just finished packing them up by herself he one had stopped to 40 her. “OK,” I thought to myself, “this is where I should have changed.” My best opportunity came a few days later when I saw a man 41 by himself waiting for the library to open ,so I sat down next to him and began a 42 .It was difficult to get started ,and even when I had to say goodbye, almost every 43 from my new friend had a tone (语气) of doubt in it ,And who could blame him? People arent used to making an 44 chat with a stranger. But a change, no matter how 45 it is needed, doesnt just happen. It takes people like us to make it possible. I 46 you to take a small step out of your comfort zone and try to make someones day a little brighter, Together, we can really make come 47 as a whole.36. A. change B. explain C. learn D. show37. A. trouble B. doubt C. wish D. opportunity38. A. took B. dropped C. got D. pulled39. A. come out B. stand by C. go back D. turn up40. A. please B. greet C. help D. praise41. A. sitting B. walking C. riding D. running 42. A. discussion B. lesson C. report D. conversation43. A. joke B. response C. cry D. story44. A. unchangeable B. unprepared C. unforgettable D. unfinished45. A. desperately B. frequently C. simply D. widely46. A. allow B. warn C. order D. advise 47. A. tater B. straighter C. closer D. slower3. (10重庆)说明类Introduction to Letters to SamDear Reader, Please allow me to tell you something before you read this book. When my 36 , Sam, was born, my heart was filled with joy. I had been sitting in a wheelchair for 20 years before then, and I have been 37 ill many times. So I wondered if I would have the 38 to tell Sam what I had 39 . For years I have been hosting a program on the 40 and writing articles for a magazine. Being 41 to move freely, I have learned to sit still and keep my heart 42 , exchanging thoughts with thousands of listeners and 43 . So when Sam was born, I 44 to tell him about school and fridship, romance and work, love and everything else. Thats how I started to write these 45 . I hope that Sam would 46 them sooner or later. However, that expectation 47 when Sam showed signs of autism (自闭症) at the age of two. He had actually stopped talking before the discovery of the signs. He 48 to communicate with others, even the family members. That was 49 for me but didnt stop me writing on. I realized that I had even 50 now to tell him. I wanted him to 51 what it means to be “different” from others, and learn how to fight against the misfortune hell 52 as I myself, his grandfather, did. I just 53 if I could write all that I wanted to say in the rest of my life. Now, 54 the book has been published, I have been given the chance. Every chapter in the book is a letter to Sam: some about my life, and all about what it means to be a 55 . Daniel Gottli