美国历史整理 1816 to 1920.doc

美国历史整理 1816-1920I. 1816 to 1825l Era of good feeling Meaning: the time led by President Monroe following the war of 1812Reason to be called good feeling: - lack of political opposition to Republican policies - afterglow of an apparent war victoryA phrase seems ironic at best: - militarism of westward expansion - the mistreatment of native American and African American continuedl Adaptation to Expansion Background: during the Era of good feeling, great number of people began moving westReason: - availability of cheap land - stories of plentiful natural resourceEffect: influence many of Monroes domestic and international policies Eg. Negotiated the Acquisition of Florida from Spain The settlement with Great Britain for joint right to Oregon The rapid growth of Southern and Western population fueledthe transportation revolution background: most of roads and canals were built or improved with the state funding (did not believe in federal involvement) important invention: steamboat famous incident: the Erie Canal (1825) of New York become the mode for the other states that were eager to improve transportation Reason: commercial prosperity Effect: - fuel interstate trade and thus fuel interstate dependence - regional specialization new Englanders concentrated on manufacture south maintain its plantation systeml Monroe Doctrine in 1823- Content: Monroe declared that any European interference in the Americas would be seen as a hostility to the United States- Reason: to protect America and assert American dominance in the Western Hemisphere in particular- Effect: affected the 19th to 20th century international affairs- Long-term influence: Reinterpreted by T. Roosevelt in the “Roosevelt Corollary ” (his Latin policy)John F. Kennedy in his position toward communist Cubal Missouri Compromise (1820) & Tallmadge AmendmentBackground: westward expansion raised the issued of entry of new states Whether Free (no slavery by northern interests) or Slave ( by southern interests) The senate number balance between free and slaveContent: M. C. - 1st settlement to these new sectional dispute Missouri (traditionally a slave territory) applied for statehood But northern people protested, fearing that slave state would outnumber free states and dominate the SenateResult: - the compromise accept by both states, Missouri as slave and Maine as free- ban slavery from all parts of Louisiana Purchase north of the 36.30 latitudeAim of the M. compromise: maintain the federal balanceLong-term effect: set the tone for the 40 years leading up to the Civil Warl Party Politics Revisited in 1824 (president election)Jackson: lack majority of electoral votes needed for presidencyAdams: awarded president by the House of RepresentativesCorrupt bargain: campaign for next sectionAndrew Jackson won the fierce campaignII. 1828 to 1840l Andrew Jackson Era- the popularity of Jackson1) his image as a “friend to the common man”2) the war hero of New Orleans 3) he was the 1st president who seemed to be “of the people”- things down by Jackson*advocate the spoil system means that the winning political party should get all the political jobs in Washington*stretch the constitutional boundaries of the executive branch (extend the power of Executive branch)* expansion of voting right* favor selling land cheaply to settlers to further expand into the West*confrontation with native Americans tribes Removal Act in 1830 - complete removal to Indians Die fighting the Indian tribes- Jacksons effect on America Jackson molded his presidency into one of the strongest the young USA had experienced- Jacksons Confrontation - eg. The nullification crisisa-because of tariff increased in South Carolina, the state government declared the tariff null and void in the stateb- declaring the states action treasonous, Jackson asked the congress to authorize the Force Bill of 1833 to send troops to defend the Union and federal lawc- Calhoun looked for a compromise. When congress voted to lower the tax slightly, the South Carolina backed down- the effect of his confrontation1.Jacksons strong will and firm stances on a variety of issue earned him some significant political enemies 2. these discontent helped forge the party “Whigs” Whigs - significant on the national scene for 20 years But it could not satisfy the divergent interests of party member because of the slavery questionIII. 1840 to 1860l Gag ResolutionMean: table all discussions about the issue of slaveryResult: time- consuming and useless and unconstitutional After 8 yrs, the Gag Resolution was overturnedl North & South & West Condition before the Civil War - Reason: because of the difference in these regions economies and cultures - North become industrialized economy - South rely on large-scale, labor-intense plantation key: cotton gin influence: the quick and easy removal of seeds from cotton, coupled with Englands great demand for cotton encouraged the south to focus on cotton growing, which in turn led to an increased demand for slave labor - West its territory were often used as bargaining chips in the powerful play between Northern and Southern interestsl The Mexican American War & Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- Seed: Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande into Texas- result: end with Treaty of G-H 1. Mexico acknowledged the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas2. cede the territories of California and New Mexico to the USA- effect: Gold Rush of 1849 & an unprecedented migration to the new territory- new territory leads to new compromiseb) the compromise of 1850 ( the Great Debate)- admit that California as a free state - maintain Texas as a slave statec) the Kansas Nebraska Bill of 1854n Content: accept of the Nebraska and Kansas Territories as state to decide the slave issued for itself n Mean: repealed the Missouri CompromiseResult of K-N Bill: help set the stage for one of the first violent confrontation over the slavery issueE.g. John Browns raid Brown, a fanatical slavery opponent, seized weapon to arm a slave uprising successfully and was caught for treasond) the Dred Scott decision-content: nullify all of the previous compromise and permit slave owners to take “their possessions” into any US territory- effect: further deepen sectional divisionl Lincoln- Douglas Debates of 1858- Abraham Lincoln: enter the national scene as an antislavery Republican- Republican Party : found in the 1850s with a platform that included preventing slavery from spreading to new territories (differ from Demo- republican Party by Thomas Jefferson)- Reason of these debates: Lincoln ran against the long-standing Senator Stephen Douglas in the US Senate race in Illinois and challenged him to a series of debates- Lincolns belief:1- nations opposition to slavery could not be compromised 2- challenge the morality of Douglas support of Dred Scott decision and the Kansas- Nebraska Bill- Result: Lincoln lost the senate race - Long-term effect: Abraham Lincoln gained national prominence as an eloquent speaker for Northern viewsl Public reaction on Slaverya) written by Harriet Beecher Stoweresult: -brought moral dilemma home to many middle-class citizens in North - galvanize anti slavery sentimentsb) Underground Railroad organized by blacks and whites Result: help to transport runaway slaves to freedom in the North and in Canadal The election of 1860- condition: the issue of slavery came to the forefront See picture on P66- the Democratic Party- pro-south and pro-slavery- the new Republican Party- oppose slavery in new territories and nominee Lincoln- Result: a) Lincoln carried only 40% of the popular vote and none of the slave statesb) Republican control of the presidency and House of Representatives c) gave the Democrats a majority in the Senated) Lincolns election and his belief that the slavery issue must be decided one way or the other brought the country closer to the civil warIV. 1861 to 1865 The Civil Warl Secession from the Union- South Carolina and 6 other southern states seceded from the Union- Confederate State of America- Elect Jefferson Davis as their President- Seize all southern US military location except Fort Sumter and Fort Picken- Northern Reaction: - President James Buchanan disagreed the secession but did nothing to stop it- Most northern people wanted to preserve the Union- Some Abolitionist cheered the departure of Southern States- Lincolns reaction- Declare the secession illegal- Sent munitions to Fort Sumter- unions military leaders announced to the Confederate that they would have to acknowledge the authority of the federal government- official beginning time: in April 1861 Event: the Confederacy attacked the Fort Sumter - Famous Battle1) Battle at Gettysburg Leader: General Robert Lee invaded the UnionEffect: - it is the second battle (Antietam Battle ) to be fought on the northern soil- Lees effort failed the battle was a turning point in the Conflict2) Shermans March to the seaFactor: Union naval superiority to block the southern portsAim: isolate the South and cut it off from suppliesLeader: William T. ShermanAction: cut an 8-miile-wide path to destruction from Tennessee to SavannahResult: destroy civilian property and broke the will of the Confederate states3) Battle at VirginiaTime: April of 1865Leader: Grant fought LEES forces Result: Grant forced Lee to surrender at Appomatox- War Goals:- to preserve the Union but not fought to free the slaves- to defeat the Confederate forces and destroy their war-making capacities- Emancipation Proclamation- Midway through the war announced by Lincoln- Strengthen the north moral claim to victory- Employ the uprising slaves to military advantage (half a million slave fled to North)- Gain European support for the Unions cause - Conclusion: The Civil was lasted for four savage years - with the exception of World War II, THE BLOODIEST WAR in US historyV. 1865 to 1877 Reconstruction Eral Lincolns Plan - shortcomings from the Civil Wara) grow out bitter and deepened rifts between the North and Southb) upset the social and economic structure of whole countryc) leave millions of Americans dead- 10 percent plan (Lincolns Plan)the reason of the name: it allowed any state to reenter the Union if 10 percent of its voters took a loyalty oath to the Unioncontent:1) Lincoln wanted to “forget and forgive” as quickly as possible 2) allow the South to reenter the Union with relative speed and without harsh punishmentresult: his plan never got very farl The Assassination of LincolnTime: April 15 1865Place & people At Fords theater in Washington by a Southern actor Result: the Reconstruction Plan got under wayl The Radical RepublicansPeople: a group of congressmenTheir belief: favor strong punishment for the south coupled with a long process of reunificationTheir influence: 1) the most powerful group in the formulation of Reconstruction Policy2) pass the Reconstruction Acts over the veto of Presidentl Good News on Civil rightsThe thirteenth amendment : prohibit slaveryThe 14th and 15th amendment : nullify the Black codes1) strengthen the right of African American to vote2) confer citizenship and equal treatmentl Bad news on Civil rightsThe Black Codes :restrict African American from many citizenship by the SouthernersGrandfather clause :permit any man to vote whose grandfather had voted Uneducated and poor African Americans can not vote whose grandfathers had been slaves Other: Ku Klux Klan & poll taxl Economics in the Reconstruction eraThe sharecropper system: large landowners divided up their land and rented it to tenant farmers Its result: was not profitable for the tenant farmers Because of the weakening of agriculture base in the South also opened the possibility for increased industrializationVI. 1850 TO 1900 Westward Expansionl Prosperity in Western- people moved to the west - reason (1) the land purchase of the 1820s and 1840s(2) the ideology of Manifest Destiny (the America had a god-given tight to expand from one ocean to the other)(3) the God Rush of 1849 : offer a strong economic incentive to go to “California or Bust” (4) the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to enter the Union as a free state- Industry of the West (1) mining : settlers tried to get rich quick by extracting precious mines Boomtowns: arose whenever mineral deposits were found Ghost towns: arose when the mines dried up (2) Cattle raising and farming Reason: a. large area of flat grassland were suitable to both of these industries b. farmers and ranchers often violently competed for resources so the farmers aided by the government dominated most of the western lands.l Problem of Native Americans- split position in dealing with the Native Americans the Department of the Interior: supported some form of Native American independence through a reservation system the Department of war: sought to rid the frontier of the “enemy”- A century of dishonor content: exposed the inadequate reservation system result: spurred a mild reform movement of Native American- Dawes Acts (1887) content: offer land and citizenship to the heads of Indian families aim: civilize them ( make them adopt white ways) result: a. a loss to native Americans of millions of additional acres b. open more land to settlers c. the Burke Act (1906) tried to ratify the problems of the Dawes Acts, but it was not effectivel Farmers Grievances - reason lead farmers so poor (1) the law of supply and demand : a large supply bring the cost of the crops down, often to prices so low that farmers can not make a living (2) a cycle of debt: farmer borrow money to buy machines, hoping to pay the debts. If the farmers does not get a good crop, he has to borrow again (3)farmers felt they were providing invaluable service to the country but did not earn a decent wage for their hard labor- farmers organization (the Grange) (1) the Grange was the 1st large-scale organization of farmers (2) the Grange soon gained political power in West (3) the Grange supported the production of more money ( farmers were in constant debt)- Inflation caused by the Grange Reason: (1) monetary policy ( produce more money) (2) oppose the God-standard or by coining silver money Result: form the Greenbacks Party Its belief: a. print paper money that were not backed by anything but the credit of government b. request the free and unlimited coinage of silver ending: the government vacillated between wholly rejecting silver coinage and appeasing the farmers by buying silver- Gold- standard or buying silver dollars paper dollars would by back by a gold dollar in the US Treasuryl Populist Party in the 1870s and 1880sTheir belief: (1) emerge and campaigned for farmers issue (2) advocate a silver standard of 16 to 1 ( 16 silver ounces to 1 gold ounce)their supporters: a working mans party with the support of wage labors of the industrial Northwestthe result of the Populist movement: the election of 1896 William Jennings Bryan (supported by the West and South) Pro-farmer & pro-labor candidate William McKinley (supported by the North) Pro-business choice McKinley won the election and Bryans loss to demoralize the farmer and labor movementVII 1865 to the Early Twentieth Centuryl Gilded Age- the rise of industrialization some factors: - abundant natural resource and manufacture- large labor supply- improved transportation and other new technologies - big business term refers to: large corporations that first developed as a result of industrializationgeneral belief: free competition in the marketplace produced fair prices for consumerscorporations belief: interested in maximizing their profits. To reduce competition with other big business, “captains of industry” would get together and set prices for industryResult: thus formed a monopoly or a trust - two prominent attitudes contributed to the popular support of big business1) Laissez- faire : “ let them do what they want”The government: no right to interfere with private enterprise and should follow a “ hands-off” policy in dealing with businessBut can give them considerable economic support through grants of lands, loans and high tariff2) social Darwinism: life was a struggle in which only the fittest would and should survive. Wealthy businessmen were seen as the embodiment of the “fittest” - general condition in Gilded Agea. a very small class of businessmen lived extravagantlyb. their workers were paid low wages and their consumer were fleecedc. wealthy businesses were able to buy votes in the Congress - Robber baron : these super-rich because of their shady business practicese.g. Rockefeller (oil) Vanderbilt (railroads) J.P. Morgan (banking) Andrew Carnegie : believed that they had a responsibility to give large donations to charity ( Gospel of Wealt