四级辅导词汇语法部分讲稿.doc

四级辅导词汇语法部分讲稿（词汇）大纲要求大学英语教学分为基础阶段(一至二年级)和应用提高阶段(三至四年级)。各阶段的教学要求如下： (一)基础阶段 基础阶段的教学分为六级，称为大学英语一至六级(College English Bands l-6，简称CEB 16)。根据学生入学水平的不同，基础阶段的教学要求分为基本要求和较高要求两种：达到四级为基本要求；达到六级为较高要求。1基本要求1)词汇领会式掌握4200单词(其中复用式掌握的单词为2500)， 以及由这些词构成的常用词组(中学所掌握的单词和词组包括在内)，并具有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。2)语法 巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。单词记忆方法一、词形联想法：1、 词缀( “prefix”, “suffix”)（1） “fore-”= “before”, 如: forearm(前臂)； forefinger(食指); foregone (先前的,既往的) ; forerunner (先驱者); foresee(预知,先见); foreman (工头); foretell(预言,预测); foreword (前沿,序言) （2）“pos”=“put”( 放置)，如: expose “暴露” ex- (outside)+ pose(put); compose “组成” com-(together)+ pose (put); decompose“拆开、使分解”de-（apart）+com (together)+pose (put);depose“免职、罢黜”de-=dis-（from，away）+pose (put); propose “提议” pro-(before)+pose(put); oppose “反对、使对立”op-=ob- （against）+pose (put)2. 词根(“root”) (1) “sist”=to stand, 英语中的 “st”多由“站立”的基本意思衍生为”静止”, “ 持续”, “固定”, “隐忍顺从”之意, 是非常重要的一个词根. 如: assist “出席,资助” (as=to) ; consist “由组成”(con=together); persist “ 坚持,固执” (per-=through); resist “抵抗,对抗” (re-=back, against); subsist “存在,供养” (sub-=under); insist “坚持,强调”(in-=on)(站在上面一动不动).(2) “spir”=to breathe, spirit “精神,幽灵” (呼吸生命的根源); expire “呼气,期满,熄灭” (吐出气; ex-: out); conspire “共谋,协力” (con-= together); perspire “流汗,渗出”(per-=through )二. 词义联想法1. 近义/反义big- large- enormous- gigantic- tremendous- colossal-huge- immense2. 对比联想flagrant(恶名昭著的,不能容忍的)-fragrant; brother-bother considerateconsiderable; compliment-complement; adapt- adopt; angel-angle, clash-crash(撞毁), brief-grief-reliefingeniousa.聪明的(I智商)- ingenuousa.天真的(U你), discreet小心的(ee连在一起,很谨慎); discrete离散的(e和e被隔开了,离散的)三. 词音联想法1. 谐音(词的意义)pet-拍它(宠物); pest- 拍死它(害虫); chaos 吵死(混乱); ponderous 胖得要死(笨重的), merchant摸钱(商人) tingle叮了(使感刺痛); exhaust 一个早死的他(用尽, 耗尽,使精疲力) ; illumine 一路明(点亮, 照亮); ambition 俺必胜 (雄心壮志。野心勃勃), stubborn死大笨(顽固的) (死大笨)四. 拆分法Massacre mass+ acre (杀一亩地的人就是大屠杀) ;morose (mo+rose) 没有玫瑰(忧伤的,郁闷的);( 应有自己的方法,不拘一格, 建议将背单词与阅读结合起来,在具体的语言环境中记忆单词, 大声朗读, 反复的过程) (TOFEL 和GRE词汇量大,常用记忆方法, 为背单词的过程增添一点乐趣) 常考题型分类与解析搭配题形近词(同缀同根)动词辨析近义词形容词辨析名词辨析短语辨析(介词短语动词短语)副词辨析复合形容词构成01.6 2123312026321343103.1614232103.6821724304.1541444504.6633825305.1228275311. 搭配题(1) In recent years much more emphasis has been put _ developing the students productive skills. ( CET-4, 2001, 6-39)a) over b) onto c) in d) on答案为d). 固定短语 “put emphasis on”(动词与介词的搭配).(2) The rest of the day was entirely at his _ for reading or recreation. ( CET-4. 2003, 6-45)a) arrival b) survival c) dismissal d) disposal答案为d). 固定短语 “ at ones disposal” (介词与名词的搭配)(3) It was in the United States that I made the _ of Professor Jones. ( CET-4. 2003, 6-68)a) acquaintance b) association c) recognition d) acknowledgement答案为a). 固定短语 “make the acquaintance of sb.” (动词与名词的搭配)(4) His wife is constantly finding _ with him, which makes him very angry. (CET-4. 2003, 1-40)a) errors b) shortcomings c) fault d) flaw答案为c). 固定短语 “ find fault with sb.”2. 形近词(同缀词或同根词)(1) You should try to _ your ambition and be more realistic. (CET-4. 2004, 6-33)a) restrain b) retain c) reserve d) replace 答案为a) (2) It was the first tie that such a _ had to be taken at a British nuclear power station. (CET-4, 2004,6-54)a) presentation b) preparation c) prediction d) precaution 答案为d). (3) Our hopes _ and fell in the same instant. (CET-4, 2001, 6-35)a) aroused b) arose c) raise d) rose 答案为d). 平行结构 “rise and fall”(4) The twentieth century has witnessed an enormous worldwide political, economic and cultural _.(CET-4. 2002, 1-54)a) tradition b) transportation c）transmission d) transformation 答案为d).(5) He never arrives on time and my _ is that he feels the meetings are useless. ( CET-4. 2005, 1-49).a) preference b) conference c) inference d) reference 答案为c).3. 近义词(1) The football game comes to you _ from New York. (CET-4. 2002, 1-62)a) lively b) alive c) live d) living 答案为c）。(2) _ energy under the earth must be released in one form or another, for example, an earthquake. (CET-4. 2002, 1-52)a）Accumulated b) Gathered c) assembled d) Collected 答案为a）。(3) He was proud of being chosen to participate in the game and he _ us that he would try as hard as possible. (CET-4. 2003, 6-49)a) assured b) insured c) assumed d) guaranteed 答案为a). (4) Could you take a _ sheet of paper and write your name at the top? (CET-4. 2003, 6-59)a) blank b) bare c) hollow d) vacant 答案为a).4. 动词辨析(1) Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to _ with the local police. (CET-4. 2005, 1-33).A) inquire b) consult c) register d）resolve 答案为c).(2) Tomorrow the mayor is to _ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city. (CET-4. 2005, 1-38).a) coordinate b) cooperate c) accompany d) associate 答案为c).(3) These teachers try to be objective when they _ the integrated ability of their students. (CET-4. 2005, 1-36).a) justify b) evaluate c) indicate d) reckon 答案为b)5. 形容词辨析(1) He was such a _ speaker that he held our attention every minute of the three-hour lecture. （CET-4. 2004,1-43）a) specific b) dynamic c) heroic d) diplomatic 答案为b）(2) There is no _ evidence that people can control their dreams, at least in experimental situations in a lab. (CET-4. 2004,1-61)a) rigid c) solid c) smooth d) harsh 答案为a).(3) Im _ enough to know it is going to be a very difficult situation to compete against three strong teams. (CET-4. 2005, 1-39)a) realistic b) conscious c) aware d) radical 答案为 a).6. 名词辨析(1) His temper and personality show that he can become a soldier of the top _. (CET-4. 2005, 1-53)a) circle b) rank c) category d) grade 答案为 b).(2) He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won _ and a scholarship. (CET-4, 2001,6-49)a) status b) fame c) faith d) courage 答案为 b).(3) The police are trying to find out the _ of the woman killed in the traffic accident. (CET-4, 2003, 1-a) evidence b) status c) recognition d) identity 答案为d)7. 短语（介词短语，动词短语）辨析(例子可参见下面的练习)做题技巧新大纲强调要在语篇层面上解决语法和词汇问题, 因此我们要学会根据语篇知识来掌握一些答题的技巧. 四级考试的词汇题大多在并列句和复合句中. 在答题时要多多注意参照句子之间的解释、因果、转折、对比等关系。一、参照解释关系. 由于句子之间语义上的相关性，有时词汇题题干中的一部分内容是对选项词的解释，比如：(1) My brothers plans are very _; he wants to master English, French and Spanish before he is sixteen.(CET-4, 2002,1-58)a) arbitrary b) aggressive c) ambitious d) abundant答案为c). 该题中的后半句“he wants to master English, French and Spanish before he is sixteen.”可以看作是对ambitious的解释, 并且，ambitious符合与计划的搭配。. “ambitious”常用来形容计划，目标等，如：an ambitious goal, be ambitious fro money. “arbitrary”意为“武断的，专横的”，如：an arbitrary decision, an arbitrary official; “aggressive” 可指“侵犯的，侵略的，好斗的”，也可意为“积极进取的”，如：an aggressive war, take aggressive(积极进取的) actions；“abundant”意为“大量的，充足的”，如：abundant rainfall, abundant supply of meat, 常用于“be abundant in”结构，be abundant in natural resources/ firewood.(2) The medicine is on sale everywhereYou can get it atchemists（CET-4,1997,6-31） a）each b）some c）certain d）any 答案为d）。本题中前一句中的everywhere决定了第二句中的空格处填（at）any（chemists）。 2. 有时释义通过such as, for example, that is, namely, and 等词体现出来(1) The manager spoke highly of _ such as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employees. (CET-4, 1997.12-57)a) virtues b) features c) properties d) characteristics答案为a)。本句中such as后面的名词loyalty, courage和truthfulness 事实上是对填空线处名词进行的解释。本句中的三个名词归纳起来属于人应当具有的“美德”。二、参照因果关系在有些题干中的分句之间存在因果关系。我们可以利用句中的因果关系要么通过“因”推出“果”，要么通过“果”导出“因”来确定选项。(1) Since the matter was extremely _, we dealt with it immediately. (CET-4.1998.1-58)a) tough b) tense c)urgent d) instant答案为c). 从主句中的副词immediately可以推出原因从句应用urgent（迫切的，紧急的）。(2) As a result of careless washing, the jacket _ to a childs size. (CET-4. 1998, 1-50)a) compressed b) shrank c) dropped d) decreased答案为b).通过原因careless washing, 可知衣服会“shrink缩水”。Compress “紧压，压缩”;drop “落下，下降”; decrease“减少”，与“increase” 相对。(3) The shy girl felt _ and uncomfortable when she could not answer her teachers questions. (CET-4. 1998, 6-42)a) amazed b) awkward c) curious d) amused答案为b). 句中when引导的从句虽然表示时间，但也含有原因。因为她could not answer her teachers questions，所以感到awkward（尴尬的，难堪的）。同时通过and后面的uncomfortable得知，空白处应填入的是该词的近义词，四个选项中，只有awkward与uncomfortable意思相近。Amazed“吃惊的, 惊奇的”；常用于be amazed at (by) / that 句型。Curious “好奇的”, 如：a curious glance, curious neighbors; 常用于“be curious about sth./ to do sth” ; amused “愉快的， 逗乐的”。(4) The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many _ references.a) obscure b) acute c) notable d) objective答案为a). 通过结果“difficult to understand” 推出原因是obscure(含糊难解的)。Acute “敏锐的, 急性的, 剧烈的），如：acute disease，an acute sense of smell；notable “值得注意的, 显著的, 著名的”，如：notable beauty. (5) Some old people dont like pop songs because they cantso much noise（CET-4. 1997, 1-46） a）resist b）sustain c）tolerate d）undergo 答案为C）。本句从dont like，推出后边的cant tolerate，表示不能容忍的意思。 (6) The president made aspeech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting，which encouraged the sportsmen greatly（CET-4, 1997,1-28） a）vigorous b）tedious c）flat d）harsh 答案为a). encourage表明了校长所作发言的特点是积极的，肯定的。所给四个选项中只有a）vigorous是一个褒义词，意思是：有力的，其他三项从词语色彩上均不符合语境。 (7) However，at times this balance in nature is，resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects（CET-4. 1998, 6-52） a）troubled b）disturbed c）confused d）puzzled 答案为b). 从句子的后半部分的result in effects可知balance in nature受到了破坏。Disturb符合句义。三、参照转折或对比关系1. 通过表示转折或对比的词如 though, even though, but, nevertheless, in spite of, for all, rather than 等来确定选项的某一词的反义词。例如：(1) These goods are _ for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market.(CET-4. 1998, 6-69)a) essentially b) completely c) necessarily d) remarkably答案为a) . 通过转折词though和对比词export 与market, 尤其是a few（少许，少数）可确定选essentially (基本上)。(2) Mr. Morgan can be very sad _, though in public he is extremely cheerful. (CET-4. 1997, 1-50)a) by himself b) in person c) in private d) as individual答案为c). 通过转折词though和对比词in public确定此处用其反义词in private（私下里）。(3) Thestudentwasjustaboutto_thequestion，whensuddenlyhefoundtheanswer. (CET-4. 1995,6-62)a）arriveatc）giveup b）submitto d）workout 答案为c)。”when作连词，强调两个动作的对比，意为“正在这时”。题干中的缺省部分应与found构成逻辑语义上的对立关系，即选项c：“放弃”。选项a和d均含“得出，想出”之意，与题意相反。而选项b意为“听任，甘受”.2. 通过句中词确定选项中的转折词(1) He always did well at school _ having to do part-time jobs every now and then. ( CET-4. 2001, 1-49)a) in spite of b) regardless of c) on account of d) in case of 答案为a). 通过句中的 “did well at school”和“having to do part-time”确定转折词为in spite of (尽管)。四、根据词的同现确定正确选择项 同现即同一组词总会出现在同一个语义场中。考试题中出现的同现现象主要是动词与名词的同现、形容词与名词的同现、名词与名词的同现。 (1)The government is trying to do something tobetter understanding between the two countries（CET-4. 1997,6-39） a）raise b）promote c）heighten d）increase 答案为b). better和空格处的内容属动词和名词的重现。4个选项中只有b）promote才能和better understanding搭配，表示促进的意思。 (2) John Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life，that a person learns by doing，and that teaching mustthe curiosity and creativity of children（CET-4. 1998,6-50） A）seek B）stimulate C）shape D）secure 答案为b）。所给4个选项中只有b）stimulate才能和curiosity和creativity同现，表示激励，激发的意思。 (3) Remember that customers dontabout prices in that city（CET-4. 1991,1） a）debate b）consult c）dispute d）bargain 答案为d）。本句中customers，prices和选项中的bargain可以出现在同一语义场中。bargain about短语意思是：就讨价还价。练习题近义词练习1)The villages social facilities _ one public toilet and two telephones.a) constituted b) comprised c) consisted d) formed （答案为b）2) There were one thousand _ at the state unified examination of CET-4 in our university.a) applicants b) participants c) attendants d) candidates （答案为d）3) It is reported that there is no better _ for mothers milk.a) alternative b) equivalent c) substitute d) exchange （答案为c）4) When she was criticized, she claimed that it was outside her _ of responsibility.a) range b) limit c) extent d) field （答案为a）5) I was told that this material would not _ in the wash but it has.a) contract b) reduce c) shrink d) decrease （答案为c）6) Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _.a) hurt b) spoiled c) damaged d) harmed （答案为b）7) She had no _ of spending the rest of her life working as a waitress.a) meaning b)purpose c) intention d)temptation （答案为c） 8) He has something in his character that _ people to him.a) absorbs b) engages c) involves d) draws （答案为d）9) Everything in the sale has been _ to half price.A) lowered b) reduced c) diminished d)decreased （答案为b）10) These animals never became _; they would run away if you approached them.a) tender b) gentle c)mild d) tame （答案为d）11) We express our thoughts by _ of words.A) means b) methods c)way d) manner （答案为a）12) My brother likes eating very much but he is not _ about the food he eats.a) special b) particular c) peculiar d) unusual （答案为b）13) He thought the painting was of little _, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.a) price b) cost c) value d) expenses （答案为c）14) Shelly had prepared carefully for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it in her first _.a) purpose b) desire c)intention d) attempt （答案为d）15) American women were _ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.a) ignored b)neglected c)effected d) denied （答案为d）16) Though the long term _ cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee.a) affect b) effort c) effect d)afford （答案为c）17) A completely new situation will _ when the examination system comes into existence.a) arise b) rise c) definite d)sure （答案为a） 18）Im not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I cant make a(n) _ promise.a) exact b) defined c) definite d)sure. （答案为c）短语动词练习题1) When the fire _ in the movies, the people lost their heads and ran in all directions.A) broke in B) broke upC) broke out D) broke into2) Dont hang _ the window. Its dangerous.A) out B) out of C) off D) from3) Journalists sometimes _ to him as the dark horse of diplomacy.A) refer B) reckon C) imply D) illustrate4) Though tired and hungry, the explorers had to _ their walk through the forest.A) carry of B) carry onC) carry out D) carry away5) The news announcer _ on the regular program to announce the elect ion results.A) cut away B) cut inC) cut off D) cut down6) Mrs. Brown _ the news that her daughter would marry Richard.A) gave out B) gave off C) gave away D) gave up7) People who refuse to _ with the law will be punished.A) obey B) consent C) conceal D) comply8) When he retired, his son _ the business.A) took over B) took offC) took in D) took up9) If we cant afford meat we shall have to_ vegetables.A) will do B) do withC) make do D) with do10) It is kind of you to _ my children when I am away.A) look after B) take afterC) look in D) take in11) We will do our best to _ your expectations.A) live up to B) live withC) live through D) live by12) Our plan _ when it proved too costly.A) fell through B) got throughC) broke through D) went through13) Id _ his reputation with other farms and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan. A) takes into account B) account forC) make up for D) make out14) The manager promised to have my complaint _ .A) looked through B) looked overC) looked into D) looked after15) Richard doesnt think he could ever _ what is called“free style”poetry.A) take on B) take overC) take to D) take after16) Californians and New Englanders speak the same language and _ by the same federal laws.A) stand B) conform C) abide D) sustain17) Our son doesnt know what to _at the university; he cant make up his mind about his future. A) take in B) take upC) take over D) take after18) A lorry _ Janes cat and sped away. A) ran over B) ran intoC) ran through D) ran down19) When he realized the police had spotted him, the man _ the exit as quickly as possible. A) made off B) made forC) made out D) made up20) Frequently single parent children _ some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.A) take of B) take afterC) take in D) take on21) The car _ halfway for no reason. A) broke off B) broke downC) broke up D) broke out22) Shavings decided to rent a flat, we _ contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city. A) set about B) set downC) set out D) set up23) The student was just about tothe question, when suddenly he found the answer. A) arrive at B) submit toC)