职称英语实战直播演练讲座-讲义.doc

2012年职称英语等级考试真题（理工类A级） 第1部分：词汇选项（第115题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1Her comments about men are utterly ridiculous. Aslightly Bpartly Cfaintly Dcompletely 2We almost ran into a Rolls-Royce that pulled out in front of us without signaling. Aovertook Bpassed Cfound Dhit 3He has been granted asylum in France. Apower Brelief Cprotection Dlicense 4When I heard the noise in the next room, I couldnt resist having a peep. Achance Bvisit Ctry Dlook 5The weather was crisp and clear and you could see the mountains fifty miles away. Ahot Bfresh Cheavy Dwindy 6He was weary of the constant battle between them. Afond Bproud Cafraid Dtired 7Our aim was to update the health service, and we succeeded. Amodernize Boffer Cprovide Dfund 8New born babies can discriminate between a mans and a womans voice. Adistinguish Btreat Cexpress Danalyze 9Every week the magazine presents the profile of a well-known sports personality. Adescription Bsuccess Cevidence Dplan 10Nothing would induce me to vote for him again. Ateach Bhelp Cattract Ddiscourage 11He shifted his position a little in order to alleviate the pain in his leg. Acontrol Bease Cexperience Dsuffer 12The photographs evoked strong memories of our holiday in France. Astored Bblocked Crefreshed Derased 13She moves from one exotic location to another. Afamiliar Bunusual Csimilar Dproper 14The walls are made of hollow concrete blocks. Aempty Bbig Clong Dnew 15All the flats in the building had the same layout. Acolor Barrangement Csize Dfunction 第2部分：阅读判断（第1622题，每题1分，共7分） 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 Europas watery underworld Europa, one of Jupiters 63 known moons, looks bright and icy on the surface. But appearances can be deceiving: Miles within its cracked, frigid shell, Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where scientists find liquid water, they hope to find life as well. Since we cant go diving into Europas depths just yet, scientists instead have to investigate the moons surface for clues to what lies beneath. In a new study, scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S. Great Lakes. Pictures of Europa, which is slightly smaller than Earths moon, clearly show a tangled, icy mishmash of lines and cracks known as “chaos terrains.” These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For more than 10 years, scientists have wondered what causes the formations. The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface. For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface, the news about the new lake is exciting. “It would be great if these lakes harbored life,” Britney Schmidt, a planetary scientist who worked on the study, told Science News. “But even if they didnt, they say that Europa is doing something interesting and active right now.” Schmidt, a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin, and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos terrains form. Since they couldnt rocket to Europa to see for themselves, they searched for similar formations here on Earth. They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland. Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice. The scientists now suspect something similar might be happening on Europa: that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift, the surface fractures. This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures. “Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on Earth,” Schmidt told Science News. She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains to form quickly on Europa. The new study suggests that on this moon, elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life. 16The liquid water of an underground pool of Europa is estimated as much as of the US Great lakes. ARight BWrong CNot mention 17The strange ice patterns on Europa are formed as a result of an underground water pool. ARight BWrong CNot mention 18Europa is the most recently discovered one among Jupiters ARight BWrong CNot mention 19The size of Europa is a bit larger than that of Earths moon. ARight BWrong CNot mention 20Schmidt and her colleagues are the first group of scientists studying Europa. ARight BWrong CNot mention 21The formations on Europas surface are rather unique in the universe. ARight BWrong CNot mention 22The existence of liquid water is a necessity for a life-support environment. ARight BWrong CNot mention 第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第2330题，每题1分，共8分） 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23 26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 Learn about Noble Gases（惰性气体） 1 Have you ever ridden on a balloon? Many tourist spots offer balloon rides in order for people to see the beauty of a place from above. A balloon contains a noble gas called helium（氦）. Formerly, balloons contained hydrogen but hydrogen is very flammable and dangerous when uncontrolled. Therefore, people shifted to helium, which is safer. Helium is safe because it has the properties of the noble gases. 2 People once believed that noble gases couldnt chemically react at all. For this reason, they were called inert gases（惰性气体）. They were also listed under Group 0 in the old periodic table because scientists believed that the gases have zero valence（价）electrons in their outer shell. This was later proven to be untrue when some noble gas compounds were discovered. 3 The gases are elements, which share similar properties. These properties include being monoatomic, colorless, odorless, being able to conduct electricity, and having low chemical reactivity. Noble gases include Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon. These are all found in Group 18, in the rightmost column of the periodic table. If you look at the periodic table, you will notice that these elements are the only ones, which do not have a charge. Helium has the lowest molecular（分子的）weight while Radon is the heaviest. 4 Remember that chemical reactions occur because atoms have valence electrons, which are electrons in their outer shell. When the outer shell is “unfilled” or the required number of electrons is not yet complete, the atom is more reactive. Noble gases have a full outer shell, meaning that they have complete electrons in their outer shell. This complete number varies. For instance, the outer shell of Helium has 2 valence electrons while the outer shell of Xenon has 8 electrons. Nowadays, there remains to be a few noble gases because of the low chemical reactivity of these said gases. 5 Because of their properties, noble gases have many important applications. They are widely used in medicine and industries. For instance, liquid Helium is used for superconducting magnets（磁体）. These magnets are very important in physics and medicine. When a doctor suspects that a persons brain has been damaged, he might request for Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI). MRI allows the doctor to “see” the brain, without operating on the patient. 23paragraph 2 _ 24paragraph 3 _ 25paragraph 4 _ 26paragraph 5 _ Awhat is the periodic table? BWhat are noble gases？ CWhat causes the low chemical reactivity of noble gases? DHow were noble gases discovered? EHow were noble gases understood in the past? Fwhat are the applications of noble gases? 27Noble gases are not very chemically _A_ 28Among the elements of noble gases Helium is the _B_ 29The required number of electrons in noble gases outer shell is _D_ 30MRI may make operating on the patient _F_ Areactive Blightest Cimportant Dcomplete Eflammable Funnecessary 第4部分：阅读理解（第3145题，每题3分，共45分） 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。 第一篇 Gross National Happiness In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist（佛教）culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern, but without losing its traditions. King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross National Product (GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his countrys progress by peoples happiness. If the peoples happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness (GNH). GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government. Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Teenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet. Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutans GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land. Brazil may be the nest country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow. 31Who was Jigme Singye Wangchuck? AA president. BA Buddhist priest. CA king. DA general. 32Apart from modernizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan? ATo make its population grow. BTo keep it separate from the world. CTo keep its traditions and customs. DTo encourage its people to get rich. 33A country shows its progress with GNP by Aselling more products. Bspending more money. Cspending less money. Dproviding more jobs. 34According to GNH, people are happier if they Ahave new technology. Bhave a good, stable government. Ccan change their religion. Dhave more money. 35Today many countries are Ausing the principles of GNH to measure their progress. Bworking together to develop a common scale to measure GNH. Ctaking both Bhutan and Brazil as symbols for social progress. Dtrying to find their own ways to measure happiness. 第二篇 Download Knowledge Directly to Your Brain For the first time, researchers have been able to hack into the process of learning in the brain, using induced brain patterns to create a learned behavior. Its not quite as advanced as an instant kung-fu download, and its not as sleek as cognitive inception, but its still an important finding that could lead to new teaching and rehabilitation techniques. Future therapies could decode the brain activity patterns of an athlete or a musician, and use them as a benchmark for teaching another person a new activity, according to the researchers. Scientists from Boston University and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto used functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, to study the learning process. They were examining the adult brains aptitude for visual perceptual learning, or VPL, in which repetitive training improves a persons performance on a particular task. Whether adults can do this as well as young people has been an ongoing debate in neuroscience. Led by BU neuroscientist Takeo Watanabe, researchers used a method called decoded fMRI neu-rofeedback to stimulate the visual cortex. First they showed participants circles at different orientations. Then they used fMRI to watch the participants brain activity. The researchers were then able to train the participants to recreate this visual cortex activity. The volunteers were again placed in MRI machines and asked to visualize shapes of certain colors. The participants were asked to “somehow regulate activity in the posterior part of the brain” to make a solid green disc as large as they could. They were told they would get a paid bonus proportional to the size of this disc, but they werent told anything about what the disc meant. The researchers watched the participants brain activity and monitored the activation patterns in their visual cortices. “Participants can be trained to control the overall mean activation of an entire brain region,” the study authors write, “or the activation in one region relative to that in another region.” This worked even when test subjects were not aware of what they were learning, the researchers said. “The most surprising thing in this study is that mere inductions of neural activation patterns corresponding to a specific visual feature led to visual performance improvement on the visual feature, without presenting the feature or subjects awareness of what was to be learned,” Watanabe said in a statement. Watanabe and colleagues said this method can be a powerful tool. “It can incept a person to acquire new learning, skills, or memory, or possibly to restore skills or knowledge that has been damaged through accident, disease, or aging, without a persons awareness of what is learned or memorized,” they write. 36What have researchers been able to do with the help of the study? ADiscover a persons learning process in the brain. BMake a person know how to do something without learning. CSet up different learning patterns for different people. DEnable people to learn kung fu instantly. 37What helps a person to do a particular task better in visual perceptual learning? ATesting BEncouragement CSelf- assessment DRepetition 38Which of the following statements is true of the experiment participants? AThey learned how to control MRL machines in the experiment BThey were not told what to be learned in the experiment CThey were paid to take part in the experiment DThey were not cooperative in the experiment 39The finding of the study is most significant in that learning Ais full of fun Bis visualized Chappens unconsciously Dbecomes unnecessary 40Who are most likely to benefit from the study? ATeenagers BMusicians CSenior people DAthletes 第三篇 Ill Be Bach Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computerprogram that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years todevelop the software. Now most people cant tell the difference between musicby the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-likecompositions from Copes computer. It all started in 1980 in the United States, whenCope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of newmelodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first thismusic was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink howhuman beings compose music. He realized that composers，brains work like big databases.First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take outthe music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left .According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database-accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it. Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smallerpieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns.Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They werent good, but it was a start. Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a wholeopera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyzemore complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database. A few years later，Copes computer program, called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot ofcollaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computersmusical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took onlytwo weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his ca