9.句子和句子成分.doc

望子成龙学校（高中英语语法） 9. 句子和句子成分 by Bryson ZHAO句子和句子成分（SENTENCE ELEMENTS）一、句子成分一个完整的英语句子，至少由两部分组成（祈使句除外），即主语和谓语。主语是句子叙述的主体，表明这句话描述的是什么，谓语则用以说明主语的情况，它在人称和单复数形式上应该与主语保持一致。除了主语和谓语，句子有时还需要其他的成分，如：用在及物动词后面，表示行为对象或结果的宾语；修饰或限定名词或代词的定语；修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句的状语（表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、让步和伴随）；对一个名词或代词作进一步解释的同位语等。I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday afternoon.（一）主语主语通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词或从句担任。She went out in a hurry.Workers build factories and houses.Three plus five is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.When we shall leave hasnt been decided.The young should respect the old.（2） 谓语谓语由动词构成，有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。1. 简单谓语简单谓语由动词和动词词组组成The sun rises in the east.He looked after two orphans.2. 复合谓语复合谓语是由“情态动词或助动词+动词”构成；“连系动词+表语”也构成复合谓语He can speak English very well.The work must be done before three oclock.This film is interesting.He seems unhappy.（3） 表语表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任。We are Chinese.Im not quite myself today.The war was over.They seem to know the truth.He is out of condition.This is what he told me yesterday.Time is pressing.Who was the first?His hobby is playing computer games.（4） 宾语宾语表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任。宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果；间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的。They offered me the job.He doesnt like the job.He said that he would return soon.We enjoy playing football.Please show me your passport.I have bought you some records.（5） 宾语补足语有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，这一部分内容称为宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。能作为宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、副词等。I found the book very interesting.He made himself known to them first.She asked me to lend her a hand.We must keep it a secret.Please make yourself at home.Please keep the dog out.注意 当主动语态变成被动语态后，宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。He was last seen playing near the river.He was made monitor. （6） 定语修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；定语通常由形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语或从句担任。This is a difficult problem.He works in a trade company.Her mother is a professor.Here are about 60 people at the meeting.Do you know Velas mother?He bought some sleeping pills.The man who helps me with maths is my teacher.（7） 状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句担任，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、程度、让步、频率等。Ill be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late for school because of the heavy rain.He waited to see the result of the game.It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meet.He often comes late to school.如果时间状语和地点状语修饰同一动词时，通常先说地点状语，再说时间状语。They held a meeting in the hall yesterday afternoon.如果修饰同一个动词的时间状语或地点状语不止一个，则按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。He arrived here at about 10 oclock yesterday afternoon.She lived in a small village in the north.（8） 同位语同位语是对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释。通常由名词、代词或从句担任。This is Mr. Li, our headmaster.The news that he is ill worries us a lot.（9） 独立成分独立成分与全句没有什么语法关系，常见的有：感叹词：oh, hello, aha插入语：I believe, I think, to tell you the truth, believe it or not句子种类种类用途陈述句用来说明事实或说话人的看法疑问句用来提出问题祈使句用来表示请求、命令等，有肯定、否定两种形式感叹句用来表达强烈的感情，由what和how引导拓展：英语中有时可以用否定的结构表示肯定的含义1. cant.too. “无论怎么也不过分”，“越越好”You cant be too careful.You cannot praise him too much.You can never have too many friends.朋友越多越好。2. cannot but , cant help but, cant choose but “只好”，“不能不”3. but与否定词同时使用，可表示肯定概念I never go past that house but I think of my poor life in the pasr.我走过那座房子时，总是（没有一次不）想起我过去的穷苦生活。There is no man but has his faults.人非圣贤孰能无过。It was nothing but a dream.那只不过是一个梦罢了。 否定转移I dont think he is a hero.I dont think he is at home now.表示个人见解的词，如think, believe, suppose, feel, expect, imagine, see等作主句的谓语，且主语为第一人称时，其宾语从句若为否定形式，通常把否定词not前移。但是！hope是一个不能否定转移的动词。I hope you werent ill.I hope not.反义疑问句中需要注意的地方1. 在含有I am的陈述句之后，附加疑问句应该用arent I Im late, arent I?2. 陈述句中有must的反义疑问句must表“必须”They must clean the floor, mustnt/neednt they?mustnt表“不允许，禁止”We mustnt be late, must/may we?must表“一定，准是”，表示推测时They must be playing outside, arent they?You must have heard about it, havent you?It must have rained last night, didnt it?3. 陈述句中含有助动词ought to，附加的反义疑问句既可使用oughtnt，也可使用shouldnt.We ought to go now, shouldnt we? (oughtnt we?)4. 陈述句中有have to时，附加疑问句应借助助动词doHe has to get up at 4 tomorrow, doesnt he?5. 前句的谓语动词有used toHe used to live in London, use(d)nt he/didnt he?6. 当陈述部分有dare或need时，如果是实义动词，疑问部分就用do的适当形式；若是情态动词，疑问部分用dare或needWe need to do it, dont we?You darent go there, dare you?祈使句的反义疑问句熟记：Sit down, wont you? Have a cup of tea, wont you?Give me a hand, will you? Stop that noise,