教学所需英国简介.doc

威斯敏斯特大教堂Westminster Abbey Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London, England (UK), located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English, later British and later still (and currently) monarchs of the Commonwealth Realms. The abbey is a Royal Peculiar and briefly held the status of a cathedral from 1546 to 1556.Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four residentiary Canons, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the Canons is also Rector of St Margarets Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. In addition to the Dean and Canons, there are at present two full-time minor canons, one precentor, the other succentor. The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons. Together with the Clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various Lay Officers constitute the College, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the Choir School, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as twelve Lay Vicars and ten of the choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff. There are also forty Queens Scholars who are pupils at Westminster School (the School has its own Governing Body). Those who are most directly concerned with liturgical and ceremonial matters are the two Minor Canons and the Organist and Master of the Choristers 威斯敏斯特大教堂坐落在伦敦泰晤士河北岸，原是一座本笃会隐修院，始建于公元960 年，1045年进行了扩建，1065年建成，1220年至1517年进行了重建。斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英国国教与罗马教廷决裂前，它一直是天主教本笃会即天主教的隐修院修会之一的教堂，1540年之后，一直是伦敦的国家级圣公会教堂英国United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Officially United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, constitutional monarchy on the British Isles, off West Europe. The country is often referred to simply as Britain. Technically, Great Britain comprises England, 50,334 sq mi; Wales, 8,016 sq mi; and Scotland, 30,414 sq mi on the island of Great Britain, while the United Kingdom includes Great Britain as well as Northern Ireland, 5,462 sq mi on the island of Ireland. The Isle of Man, 227 sq mi, in the Irish Sea and the Channel Islands, 75 sq mi, in the English Channel, are dependencies of the crown, with their own systems of government. For physical geography and local administrative divisions, see England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, Northern. The capital of Great Britain and its largest city is London.英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国，一统于一个中央政府和国家元首。英国位于欧洲大陆西北面，英国本土位于大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。国土面积24.36万平方公里，人口约6000万。英国是世界上第一个工业化国家，是一个具有多元文化和开放思想的社会。首都伦敦是欧洲最大和最具国际特色的城市。伦敦塔London Tower The Tower of London is a complex located on the Thames River in London. The White Tower, the square building with turrets on each corner that gave it its name, is actually in the middle of a complex of several buildings, which have served as fortress, armoury, treasury, mint, palace, place of execution, public records office, observatory, refuge, and prison, particularly for upper class prisoners. In 1078 William the Conqueror ordered the White Tower to be built there, as much to protect the Normans from the people of the City of London as to protect London from anyone else. It was King Richard the Lionheart who had the moat dug around the surrounding wall and filled with water from the Thames. A Royal Menagerie was established at the Tower in the 13th century, In 1264 it was moved to the Bulwark, which was duly renamed the Lion Tower, near the main western entrance. It was opened as an occasional public spectacle in the reign of Elizabeth I. By 1804 the menagerie was regularly open to the public. The military use of the Tower as a fortification, like that of other such castles, became obsolete with the introduction of artillery伦敦塔（英文：Tower of London）的官方名称是“女王陛下的宫殿与城堡，伦敦塔“，虽然将其作为宫殿居住的最后一位统治者已是几世纪前的詹姆士一世（1566年至1625年）。伦敦塔曾作为堡垒、军械库、国库、铸币厂、宫殿、天文台、避难所和监狱，特别关押上层阶级的囚犯。最后的这一用途产生一条短语“sent to the Tower”，意思是“入狱”。伊丽莎白一世在她姐姐玛丽一世统治时曾在此入狱一段时间；伦敦塔最后一次作为监狱使用是在第二次世界大战期间，关押鲁道夫赫斯。1988年被列为世界文化遗产大本钟Big Ben Big Ben is one of Londons best-known landmarks, and looks most spectacular at night when the clock faces are illuminated. You even know when parliament is in session, because a light shines above the clock faceThe four dials of the clock are 23 feet square, the minute hand is 14 feet long and the figures are 2 feet high. Minutely regulated with a stack of coins placed on the huge pendulum, Big Ben is an excellent timekeeper, which has rarely stoppedThe name Big Ben actually refers not to the clock-tower itself, but to the thirteen ton bell hung within. The bell was named after the first commissioner of works, Sir Benjamin HallThis bell came originally from the old Palace of Westminster, it was given to the Dean of St. Pauls by William III. Before returning to Westminster to hang in its present home, it was refashioned in Whitechapel in 1858. The BBC first broadcast the chimes on the 31st December 1923 - there is a microphone in the turret connected to Broadcasting HouseDuring the second world war in 1941, an incendiary bomb destroyed the Commons chamber of the Houses of Parliament, but the clock tower remained intact and Big Ben continued to keep time and strike away the hours, its unique sound was broadcast to the nation and around the world, a welcome reassurance of hope to all who heard it英国伦敦著名古钟或称大本钟(Big Ben)，即威斯敏斯特宫报时钟（坐标：513002.2N, 000728.6W）英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼，建于1859年。安装在西敏寺桥北议会大厦东侧高95米的钟楼上，钟楼四面的圆形钟盘，直径为6.7米，是伦敦的传统地标。大本钟是由埃德蒙德格林斯罗普勋爵设计，并由爱德华登特及他的儿子弗雷德里克建造的。大本钟在1859年被安装在钟楼上。大本钟是世界上第二大的同时朝向四个方向的时钟。每个钟面的底座上刻着拉丁文的题词，“上帝啊，请保佑我们的女王维多利亚一世的安全。”国家美术馆The National Gallery The National Gallery, London houses one of the greatest collections of Western European painting in the world. These pictures belong to the public and entrance to see them is free. William Wilkinss National Gallery opened in 1838 and spans the entire north side of Trafalgar Square. It is classical in style, symmetrical in design and has at its centre a portico supported by Corinthian columns. The Portico steps at the main entrance offer unrivalled views of Trafalgar Square. As the collection grew E. M. Barry was invited to add a series of opulent galleries to enlarge the building in the 1870s. Barrys exhibition rooms, which lie behind the east half of the original building, are an impressive display of Victorian High decoration. Every room has its own colour scheme. The original Wilkins rooms were faithfully restored in 1988 to their true Victorian splendour and polished wooden floors and heavy leather couches all evoke the richness of that period. 英国国家美术馆（The National Gallery，又译为国家艺廊），是位于英国伦敦市中心特拉法加广场的正北方向，相当于北京天安门广场正北方向的故宫博物院。国家美术馆又称伦敦国家美术馆，成立于1824年。当时仅有38幅画作，从这些由乔治四世说服政府购买林布兰、拉尔等人的38个作品，陆续拓展为现在以绘画收藏为主的国家级美术馆大英博物馆British MuseumThe British Museum was founded in 1753, the first national public museum in the world. From the beginning it granted free admission to all studious and curious persons. Visitor numbers have grown from around 5,000 a year in theeighteenth century to nearly 6 million today.The British Museums collection is worldwide in origin and is intended for use by the citizens of the world.The Museum collaborates on exhibitions, skills-sharing, and research with many international partners. These partnerships bring new insights into the collection, and help create new understandings of our changing world.大英博物馆（British Museum），又名不列颠博物馆，位于英国伦敦新牛津大街北面的大罗素广场，成立于1753年，1759年1月15日起正式对公众开放，是世界上历史最悠久、规模最宏伟的综合性博物馆，也是世界上规模最大、最著名的博物馆之一。博物馆收藏了世界各地的许多文物和图书珍品，藏品之丰富、种类之繁多，为全世界博物馆所罕见。目前博物馆拥有藏品600多万件。由于空间的限制，目前还有大批藏品未能公开展出白金汉宫Buckingham Palacethe London home and primary residence of the British monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.Originally known as Buckingham House, the building which forms the core of todays palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1705 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was subsequently acquired by George III in 1761as a private residence for Queen Charlotte, and known as The Queens House. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, forming three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace finally became the official royal palace of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the East front which contains the well-known balcony on which the Royal Family traditionally congregate to greet crowds outside. However, the palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb in World War II; the Queens Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection.The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which still survive, included widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle poque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The Buckingham Palace Garden is the largest private garden in London.The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, as part of the Palaces Summer Opening. The palace is sometimes colloquially referred to as Buck House白金汉宫（Buckingham Palace）是一座位于伦敦的英王寝宫。宫殿坐落在西敏市，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。历史上每逢英国欢庆或是危机时刻，这儿也是不列颠人民一处重要的集会场所。1703年至1705年，白金汉和诺曼比公爵约翰谢菲尔德在此兴建了一处大型镇厅建筑“白金汉屋”，构成了今天的主体建筑，1761年，乔治三世获得该府邸，并作为一处私人寝宫。此后宫殿的扩建工程持续超过了75年，主要由建筑师约翰纳西爱德华布罗尔主持，为中央庭院构筑了三侧建筑。1837年，维多利亚女王登基后，白金汉宫成为英王正式宫寝。19世纪末20世纪初，宫殿公共立面修建，形成延续至今天白金汉宫形象。二战期间，宫殿礼拜堂遭一枚德国炸弹袭击而毁；在其址上建立的女王画廊于1962年向公众开放，展示皇家收藏品。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。特拉法尔加广场Trafalgar SquareTrafalgar Square is a square in central London, England. With its position in the heart of London, it is a tourist attraction, and one of the most famous squares in the United Kingdom and the world. At its centre is Nelsons Column, which is guarded by four lion statues at its base. Statues and sculptures are on display in the square, including a fourth plinth displaying changing pieces of contemporary art. The square is also used as a location for political demonstrations and community gatherings, such as the celebration of New Years Eve in London.The name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), a British naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars. The original name was to have been King William the Fourths Square, but George Ledwell Taylor suggested the name Trafalgar SquareThe northern area of the square had been the site of the Kings Mews since the time of EdwardI, while the southern end was the original Charing Cross, where the Strand from the City met Whitehall, coming north from Westminster. As the midpoint between these twin cities, Charing Cross is to this day considered the heart of London, from which all distances are measured.In the 1820s the Prince Regent engaged the landscape architect John Nash to redevelop the area. Nash cleared the square as part of his Charing Cross Improvement Scheme. The present architecture of the square is due to Sir Charles Barry and was completed in 1845.Trafalgar Square is owned by the Queen in Right of the Crown, and managed by the Greater London Authority.特拉法加广场是英国大伦敦西敏市的著名广场，也是旅游景点，建于1805年。广场南端是政府办公区白厅，通向国会大厦，西南是水师提督门，背后是通往白金汉宫的仪仗道林荫路。广场北面是国家美术馆。广场四周还有圣马田教堂（St. Martin-in-the-Fields ），和加拿大，南非和马来西亚等英联邦国的高级专员署（英联邦国家互派的大使级代表处）。过去广场四周有街道环绕。近年北边的街道被封，改为人行道，改善了广场的交通和环境。广场最突出的标志是南端的纳尔逊纪念柱，高53米。此碑纪念着拿破仑战争中的海军上将，英国民族英雄霍雷肖纳尔逊。柱顶是将军的铜像。柱底四周是四只巨型铜狮。柱基四周是记念拿破仑战争各次战役的浮雕。广场中部是两个花形喷水池。广场北端是台阶。广场四角上有四个雕塑基座；国家美术馆前另有两个。这六个基座中有五个现有铜像，包括数为历史名将，君主和美国开国总统华盛顿。西北角的“第四基座”一直空缺着。近年伦敦市政府在此轮流置放一些现代雕塑作品。特拉法加广场是当地交通的中心枢纽，查令十字车站即位于其附近，有巴士及5线地铁经此。在百多年来，人民都爱在此广场欢渡除夕夜、圣诞节，或政治示威。格林威治GreenwichGreenwich is a district of South East London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich.Greenwich is best known for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian (0 longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time. The town became the site of a Royal palace, the Palace of Placentia from the 15th century, and was the birthplace of many in the House of Tudor, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace fell into disrepair during the English Civil War and was rebuilt as the Royal Naval Hospital for Sailors by Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor. These buildings became the Royal Naval College in 1873, and they remained an establishment for military education until 1998 when they passed into the hands of the Greenwich Foundation. The historic rooms within these buildings remain open to the public; other buildings are used by University of Greenwich and the Trinity College of Music.The town became a popular resort in the 17th century with many grand houses, such as Vanbrugh castle established on Maze Hill, next to the park. From the Georgian period estates of houses were constructed above the town centre. The maritime connections of Greenwich were celebrated in the 20th century, with the sitting of the Cutty Sark and Gipsy Moth IV next to the river front, and the National Maritime Museum in the former buildings of the Royal Hospital School in 1934. Greenwich formed part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created.格林威治位于英国英格兰大伦敦东南的内伦敦格林威治区、泰晤士河以南。以海军历史及本初子午线在那里经过，形成著名的格林尼治时间而闻名。格林威治位于泰晤士河南岸，与伦敦比邻而居，形同伦敦的咽喉。格林威治因天文台而闻名，1675年，英王查理二世建有格林威治天文台（Royal Observatory Greenwich），到1998年关闭。1884年在美国华盛顿召开国际子午线会议，会中决定将格林威治为标准零度经线。1890年创立有格林威治大学。汉普顿宫Hampton Court Hampton Cou