阅读基本功：长难句.doc

阅读基本功 - 长难句过关第一章 并列平行结构英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.从今天开始我们就由浅入深，来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。ExerciseKeeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out. The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.要点分析和参考译文要点：句中主语为动名词短语“Keeping” “crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。参考译文：当火灾发生时，保持冷静，不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥，这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。 要点：主语the way 有一个很长的定语从句修饰，定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即to achieve privacy， to build homes，和to design cities。本句的主干部分为：The way is culturally influenced。参考译文：怎样利用空间实现个人隐私，修建住宅及规划城市都受到文化上的影响。要点：neithernor连接并列主语。“convince”后接“people”作宾语，另外三个“that”从句并列作convince 的宾语，其中最后一个“that”从句前省略了“that”补齐则为（that） millions of。参考译文：朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使他们相信：多数动物对人无害，数以千计的旅行者每日都安全的飞行，数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯。Exercise练习之前先征求大家一点意见，有同学反映说三句太多了？大家觉得是不是要减少到每天两句？或者对节目还有其他的意见也可以和我说哦：）下面开始今天的练习吧。In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing. At whatever table , they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection.But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.要点分析和参考译文:要点：这两句为对偶句，结构工整。 In whatever company 意为无论和什么人交往不要误以为不论在什么公司。 persons and conversations的定语后置。同样道理meat and drink，dishes 也都带有后置定语。参考译文：无论和什么人交往，他们会发现有些人、有些谈话讨人喜欢，而有些则不然。同样，无论吃什么饭，酒和肉总有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹调亦总有优劣之分。 要点：they are too old for是定语从句修饰jobs。Rather than 前后为相同的语法成分即stay 和 face。参考译文：许多工人宁愿守着因自己年老已不适合的工作，而不愿意去面对（再找工作时）可能会遇到的拒绝要点：remember 后面有两个并列的宾语从句，一个是that we did not see，另一个是that we failed to。 由于介词短语with far greater pain 的分隔和两个宾语从句又各带了一个状语从句，而使全句的结构变得较为复杂。参考译文：可是，我们更痛苦的回忆是，我们没有看见鲜花怒放时的美丽，没有在别人对我们施以爱之时也以爱回报。ExerciseWe know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.people think of cowboys as free people, unafraid to battle with wild animals, living close to nature, with the trees and the sky and the stars.Clearly , science may involve not only careful observation but also a willingness to be creative; this may entail looking beyond existing paradigms governing research in a given area of study. 要点分析和参考译文要点：此句又两个并列结构存在，一个使全局的主干结构，即由but连接的两个分句we know，but all too often we recognize；另一个是glance 后面跟着由and连接的两个并列的状语从句。这两个状语从句在实践上存在着先后顺序，在结构上是一个对偶句，而且第二个状语从句得主语省略，即when we remember what it was and then suddenly (we) realize that it is no more。参考译文：我们大家都知道这是实际情况。可我们却常常只是再回首往事想起它当时的情景时才认识到，并且此时我们会突然发现它已不复存在了。 要点：句中谓语动词为一短语think of as, 后接名词短语 free people及形容词短语unafraid to battle with wild animals并列作cowboys的宾语补足语。分词短语living及介词短语with the trees 做伴随及方式状语。参考译文：人们把牛仔看成是自由自在的人，毫不惧怕与野兽搏斗，在大自然的怀抱中生活，与树木，天空及星斗共存。要点：此句是由;号链接在一起的两个独立的句子，是一个并列的结构。第二个分句的主语this 指的应该是前面的整个句子的含义，否则会出现理解上的偏差。Existing paradigms 是介词beyond 的宾语，而governing research 是paradigms的定语。参考译文：可见，科学包括的不仅是仔细观察，而且还包括乐于去创新，这就必须要超越那些支配着某一特定学科的现有的研究规范。ExerciseThe intentional termination of life of one human being by another - mercy killing (安乐死) - is contrary to that for which the medical profession stands and is contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association.Put them all together, exalt（提高）them above their present imperfections, add to them the vision of humankind redeemed, forever free of need and strife（争议）and you have a future lighted with the radiant colors of hope.More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London 要点分析和参考译文要点：句子主干有两个并列的谓语部分，即 is contrary toand is contrary to。 词组mercy killing 是对前面内容的概括。for which the medical profession stands 是that的定语从句。参考译文：有意识的结束一个人的生命-安乐死-既违反了医学界的职业立场，也违反了美国医学会协会的宗旨。要点：此句的主干是一个由and 连接的并列结构。第一部分有几个并列祈使句组成，第二部分是一个完整的主谓结构，全句主干即Putexalt，forever free strife and you have a futurecolors of hope。由于第一部分并列祈使句较长而第二部分较短，而且连接两部分的and前面有存在着另外一个and（need and strife）从而致使句子的结构较复杂，不易看出主干的并列结构。参考译文：把这一切集合起来，加以提高，使之超越现存的缺点，再加上人类得到拯救的憧憬，永远无求无争，那么你将有一个闪耀着希望的绚丽多彩的未来。要点：全句为并列复合句。 and连接并列句。第二个句子是主从复合句。which引出非限制性定语从句，修饰area。that 引出限制性定语从句，修饰 villages。what 引出名词从句作form的宾语参考译文：三百多万人口居住在伦敦市区，将近五百多万人口居住在周围的郊区-这些郊区由原来分散的村庄构成，逐步形成如今被称为的外伦敦。ExerciseHuman beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.These expenses , however, usually involve the rent of a small office , expenses for stationary, and possibly , the salary of a secretary.He must assume that you have lived in the tropics , have never seen a coat worn or put on, and that he is to tell you verbally how to do it. 要点分析和参考译文要点：此句为一个多层次的并列结构，”by” 以前的部分为句子的主体部分，由“and”连接的两个并列的分句组成。第二个分句的主语和一部分谓语省略了以避免重复。In doing so可以理解为in the process of distinguished themselves from other animals。第二个分局的完整句子应为and in doing so (they have) ensured their survival。By 所引导的短语里ability带了多个动词不定式做修饰，这些不定式又存在着一个并列的结构，to observe and (to) understand与eitheror引导的to adapt to，to control and (to) adapt it得并列，and连接。参考译文：人类已把自己和其他动物区别开了。人类具有观察和了解周围环境的能力，能适应环境，控制环境和根据自己的需要改造环境。人类就是这样生存了下来。要点：在谓语动词involve 后面是由三个平行的名词短语构成的宾语：he rent of a small office , expenses for stationary, the salary of a secretary。副词however及possibly 为插入语。参考译文：然而，这些费用通常包括租赁一间小小的办公室和办公用品的支出，或许还要包括秘书的工资。要点：本句中, that 引导的宾语从句共有三个，have never seen，是一个省去了引导词that及主语you的宾语从句；过去分词worn or put on作宾语coat的补语。参考译文：他肯定以为，你一直居住在热带从来没有见过穿在身上的外衣或怎样穿外衣，故而他要告诉你如何穿外衣。ExerciseIt is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation.And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.One can only guess that if he heard many of them he was only strengthened in his resolve not to allow himself and his bride to be made a spectacle not their live selves or their bodies要点分析和参考译文要点：基本句型 ” It is important that” ，that 主语从句的谓语为虚拟语气(be)。 Eitheror 连接语法上相同的两部分：will pause和 will terminate。参考译文：重要的是当说话者的目光重新停留在听众脸上的一瞬间，听众一定得看着他（她），如果没看，说话者就会认为听众不感兴趣，那么就会停下来等听众的目光重新回到他（她）的脸上或者终止谈话。要点：rather than意为”而不”。其前后在语法上为相同的成分。此处为两个结构相同的介词短语on the specific skills和on the basic background skills。参考译文：培训工人的有限投资应重点地集中使用于完成下一个工作所必需的特殊技能的培训上，而不是用在能让他们吸收新技术的基本技能的培训上。PS: 这是书上的译文，但有同学提出异议，那豆豆在仔细看了一下，觉得同学说的是很有道理的，此处没有应当的含义。豆豆也觉得翻成：培训工人的有限投资更多地被狭隘的集中使用于完成下一个工作所必需的特殊技能的培训上，而不是用在能让他们吸收新技术的基本技能的培训上。仅为个人观点，供大家参祥要点：not or 结构相当于 neither nor 结构参考译文：人们只能猜测，如果他听到了很多有关的情况，这只能坚定他的决心：不能让他和他新娘成为展品而丢人现眼活着的时候不可以，死了也不行。ExerciseMany of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed , to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near.Second, we have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.要点分析和参考译文要点：“need”后面有三个并列的不定式短语的被动式坐定语。即：“to be informed”，“to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition”和“to be told when the end was near”参考译文：他们中许多人和我们一样极其需要获得信息，享有最先进的医疗条件，以及在临终前得知自己就要离开人世。要点：此句为并列复合句。从句that govern service quality是定语从句，修饰factors；第一个并列连词and连接的是第二个分句。其中，that manage service well 是定语从句，修饰organizations；第二个并列连词and连接的是examples的并列后置定语。Of some是指：examples of some organizations。从句that manage it poorly 作定语，修饰some。代词it指的是” service”参考译文：其次，我们力图挑选出一些决定服务质量的关键性因素，并提供一些实例来说明有些商业机构把服务管理得很好，而有些却很差。要点：这是一个句型结构十分对称的并列复合句。分号前为第一分句，从属连词if引导的是条件状语从句，that引导的从句是动词短语point out 的宾语。分句二的结构基本与分句一的相同。需要指出的是分句二由that引导的宾语从句中，作者使用了倒装的形式most criminals 是主语，so是表语，代替male以避免重复。本句是表示两种事物的对比，倒装的使用有较强的表现力。参考译文：如果你是男人，你会指出，大多数的诗人和科学家都是男性的；如果你是女人，你会反驳说，大多数罪犯也都是男性的。ExerciseThe suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of “defensive medicine”, and thus it injures, in turn , the entire medical profession.Rugby is generally a much tougher game than football and for a long time has had upper class associations, as until recently it was generally only played in public schools, not in state schools.Western manners do not require one to say anything that is untrue, but it is best to avoid being too frank about things which would make people feel uneasyunless by doing so you feel some good might come of it.要点分析和参考译文要点：本句是有分号及连词and 引导的并列复合句。分句一种包含有关系代词who引导的定语从句，修饰doctors。分句二中代词it指”the suspicion of deceit”，动词短语contributes to意为“to help in causing a situation”，分句三中，代词it指前文所述情况，介词短语in turn意为“afterwards”参考译文：由于病人怀疑存在欺骗行为，使许多对病人十分诚实的医生的工作也因此受到影响，并使医疗诉讼案和“防御性诊治”增多，而这些反过来又对整个医疗事业造成损害。要点：全句为主从复合句，”as”引出原因状语从句，修饰” and for a long time (rugby) has had upper class associations”。主句部分Rugby is generallyclass associations，是带有并列谓语”is”和”has had”的句子。参考译文：橄榄球赛一般比足球赛更加激烈，并且长时间以来一直是高年级学生参与的比赛，也因此直到最近比赛一般仍然仅仅在公立学校而不在州立学校举行。要点：全句为并列复合句。连词”but”连接两个并列句。在第二个分句中” it is best to avoid being too frank” 中的”it”是形式主语，实际主语是不定式” to avoid being too frank”。动词”avoid”后面应接动名词作宾语。” which would make people feel uneasy”作”thing”的定语。在破折号后面” unless by doing so you feel some good might come of it”作让步状语从句。”good”是名词，作”feel”的宾语从句”some good might come of it”中的主语。”it”指”by doing so”所包含的前面提到的为避免重复而未具体说出的内容。参考译文：西方的行为方式并不要求人们去讲假话，但是最好要避免过于直率地谈论那些使人尴尬的事情除非你认为这么做可能会有益处。ExerciseWorkers themselves may not even be aware of changes in the final commodities to which their work contributes, and the level of wages for any grade of factory labor is very little affected by the fortunes of particular marketFirst , by attempting to present data and argue for an interpretation , scientists have to spell out clearly what the data are, what the explanation is, and what the reasons are for believing the explanationInformation systems affect the scope and quality of health care, make social services more equitable, enhance personal comfort, provide a greater measure of safety and mobility, and extend the variety of leisure forms at ones disposal.要点分析和参考译文要点：本句由两个大分句并列而成，分句之间用”and” 连接；to which their work contributes是由“to which” 引导的定语从句，修饰“final commodities”；动词” contribute”后须用介词“to”参考译文：工人本身甚至觉察不到自己亲手生产的最终产品有了什么变化。工厂中任何级别的工人的工资水平很少受到市场情况好坏的影响。要点：在用作状语的介词短语” by attempting to present data and argue for an interpretation”中，动词不定式”to present”和”argue”并列，作动名词” attempting” 得宾语。三个以”what”引导的名次性从句并列，作”spell out”的宾语。参考译文：首先，科学家在试图公开资料并对资料的解释进行论证时，必须清楚地说明资料是什么，资料要如何解释以及相信这种解释的原因。要点：本句主语是” Information systems” , 谓语是五个并列的动词” affect, make , enhance, provide, and extend”；” at ones disposal”的意思是“由自己支配”参考译文：信息系统可扩展健康保健的范围，提高卫生保健的质量，使社会服务变得更公平合理，使个人生活更加舒适，为人们提供更大程度的安全，更多的流动机会，并能使人们按自己的意愿增加休闲方式。ExerciseIt was mostly he who talked and he seemed afraid to stop for fear shed ask him to leave her by herself.An example of a verbal subtest would be vocabulary, whereas an example of a performance subtest would be picture arrangement, the latter requiring an examinee to arrange a set of pictures into a sequence so that they tell a comprehensible story.A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion remain in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force.要点分析和参考译文要点：这是一个由and 连接的并列复合句。And前面的句子是强调句，强调的成分是he。It仅位先行代词，没有意义。Mostly 用作副词，意为“多半”。 For fear（that）= in order thatshould not happen意为”生怕，以免”。例如：I darent tell you what he did , for fear that he should be angry with me.(我不敢将他的事告诉你，怕他因此对我发脾气)。To leave her by herself相当于to leave her alone。参考译文：大部分时间都是他在讲话。他似乎害怕停下来，生怕话一停，她就会请他离开。要点：本句由whereas 连接在一起的两个分句并列而成。“the latter requiring an examinee to arrange a set of pictures into a sequence so that they tell a comprehensible story.”是现在分词独立主格结构；”the latter”是现在分词” requiring”的逻辑主语；“the latter”指的是” an example of a performance subtest” 。” so that they tell a comprehensible story” 是”so that” 引导的目的状语从句；其中主语”they”指的是：“a set of pictures”参考译文：口头语言测试的一个实例是测验词汇能力，而行为表现测试的实例是测验排列图画能力。后者要求受测试者把一组图画排序，这个次序应该能够表达一个可以理解的故事。要点：这是一个并列复合句。And 连接两个句子，构成并列句。Unless 是连词，连接下一个子句，做前面两个主句的状语从句。Unless 后面省略了it is。At rest和in motion 是两个介词短语，分别作body的定语，意思为“处于静止状态”和“处于运动状态中”参考译文：除非受到外力作用，静止的物体将继续保持静止，运动的物体将继续作匀速直线运动。第二章 插入结构除了上一章的并列结构，英语长句中另一个常用结构就是插入结构。插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间，如主谓，谓宾，定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句，短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时一个句子会有多个从句，分词短语等存在，再加上插入成分，就会使得句子结构显得很复杂，不易分清各部分得成分，而造成阅读上得障碍。插入成分最明显得标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在，句子中会使用多个逗号，分号，从而导致插入得成分不易一眼看出，以至出现理解错误。本章我们就集中辨析这一类结构得句子。Exercise不好意思，这两天突然有事节目耽误一点时间。今天我们开始第二章，插入结构的学习咯。做为热身，今天的句子很简单哦！During the rest of this century , as never before, history will be the study of population.The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to thirteen.Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.要点分析和参考译文要点：要点：as never before为插入语，插入在状语和主语之间，意为“前所未有”参考译文：本世纪末，对人口的研究将前所未有的成为历史。要点：“he said”为插入语，放在了主语“The school”和谓语“consisted of”中间。现在分词ranging在句中作定语修饰boys参考译文：他说，学校只有一个班，共24名男生，年龄从七岁到十三岁不等。要点：句子的主语和谓语之间有一插入语，放在这里起强调作用，即强调只是对于中国和美国妇女来说，而不是其他国家的妇女。而且对年龄作了限定。参考译文：对于55岁或以下的大多数美国和中国妇女来说，要做的工作包括料理家务和照料一个或多个孩子，以及一份在家庭以外的工作。ExerciseIdeally then, a school system should be one in which the love of learning, rather than the acquisition of facts , is cultivated.Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby , would be on an island 885 miles away.Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and , at certain rare intervals, a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement.要点分析和参考译文要点：one 后面有一个in which 引导得定语从句，其中rather than the acquisition of facts是插入语，可以看成是主语the love of learning的并列成分参考译文：因此，理想的教育制度应该是培养学生酷爱学习，而不是获得实际的东西要点：虚拟条件句“if anything 885 miles away.”是thinking的宾语从句，作thinking的宾语。在这个虚拟条件句的主句中，主语和谓语之间插入了一个条件状语从句“unless there was a ship nearby”，使得主谓分离。参考译文：他仍禁不住寻思起来，要是果发生什么意外，如果附近连一条船也没有，他用无线电能联系上得最近得人远在885英里以外得岛上。要点：句中 interests, enjoyments, satisfaction, glow和excitement共五哥并列成分，皆作宾语。 At certain rare intervals为插入语，意为“间或，偶尔”。参考译文：然而这另一种生活也有它的趣味，欢乐和满足，并间或有一种宁静得喜悦或一阵突发得激动。ExerciseOur forefather had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible”But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.They appear to do everything in a rush, with an eye on the clock, as if they had a short time to live.要点分析和参考译文要点：分号前后为两个并列句。在第二个分句中，even until very recently 时间状语插入在主语 most of them和谓语had之间。Them指代前一句的forefathers。参考译文：我们前辈不知道人口会比原材料供应增长得要快；甚至到最近以前大多数人还错误得认为自然资源是无限的，永远不会消耗尽。要点：并列句and 之后的主语 the people和谓语will have之间插入whether引导的状语从句。参考译文：可是有一点是肯定的：信息和知识将变得更加重要。拥有信息和知识的人无论是在生产行业还是在服务行业工作，都会有优势并能创造财富。要点：介词短语“with an eye on the clock”为插入语，在句子中做状语。“as if”引出方式状语从句，谓语动词是虚拟语气。参考译文：他们看上去做每件事都匆匆忙忙，眼睛盯着时钟，仿佛他们的有生之年极其短暂似的。ExerciseAmericans admire the self-made personthe one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top.Silly or wise, terrible or delightful, it is a further helping of experience, an additional joy after dark, another slice of life cut differently for which, it seems to me, we are never sufficiently grateful.Quite a different problem, but one that is causing growing concern, is that computers may violate peoples privacy.要点分析和参考译文要点：破折号后的“the one”是前面person的同位语，“the one”后面又有一个由who引导的定语从句，其中主语和谓语之间有一个插入语：with neither money nor family influence.参考译文：美国人钦佩靠个人奋斗而成功的人士：这种人既没有金钱也没有家庭背景，靠自己的奋斗攀登到最上层。要点：Silly or wise, terrible or delightful为平行结构，在句中作让步状语。另外句子的表语也是平行结构“a further helping of experience, an additional joy after dark”“it seems to me”为插入语，插入到for which引导的定语从句中。参考译文：不管是愚蠢还是聪明，可怕还是愉悦，梦中的生活都是更深一层的另外一种体验，是天黑以后才有的另一种欢乐，是生活另一个不同的侧面，对此我似乎觉得怎么感激也不为过。要点：句中“but one that is causing growing concern”，在句中作插入语。在意义上是对“Quite a different problem”的补充说明。One代替上文提到的“problem”参考译文：一个截然不同但却越来越引起人们关注的问题是：计算机可能会侵犯人们的隐私。ExerciseIt is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learn to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability?It was probably not until the 1880s that man, with the help of more advanced steam locomotive, managed to reach a speed of one hundred mph (英里)要点分析和参考译文要点：“everyone agrees”为插入语。“and”连结两个并列句，前一句为”it is that”强调句型；后一分句”the fact”后为同位语从句”that he does so in so shor