校对与改错学生义.doc

校对与改错PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION Passage OneIt is very difficult imagine an educational system which transmits values 1._ seriously in conflict with that of the government and the state, or which 2. _ contributes nothing to training young people for their future adult work-roles. However, educational systems are often only partial successful. This is partly 3._ because people have different views of what elements of culture ( norms and values) should be stressed on, and what skills are useful. Such disagreement has 4._ a fundamental basis in social structure of modem Britain because there is often 5. _ a contradiction among the two functions of socialization and training. This is 6. _because the two functions are not easily separate in practice. The norms and7. _values transmitted to any group of children have to be somehow relating to the 8. _ kinds of skills they taught. The culture of the aristocracy is not the same as9. _that of working-class neighborhoods in the inner cities. Similarly, training fordifferent sorts of work need to be different: to be proficient in Latin is not 10._useful to the shop assistant, just as expertise in woodwork is irrelevant to a university teacher.Passage TwoAs people live in a fast-moving world where tensions build up, die effects of long-distance miming are uplifting. Each hill is approached as a positive challenge, causing the runnerto grow strongly with each stride and leading him to tranquility and harmony. 1. _Long-distance running that helps a person to forget pressure on family2. _ problems as well as job related annoyances. An example comes quickly in3. _ mind. One day I had a really terrible fight with my landlady over some foolishincident. I screamed and yelled at her but she very nearly threw me out. A few4._minutes later, I set for my daily run. By the end of the first mile, the argument5. _ seemed like the bad dream. At the end of the fourth mile, I was 6. _ full with feelings of remorse and forgiveness towards the landlady. I saw how 7._unreasonable I have been, I stopped at the local flower shop and bought my 8._landlady a beautiful rose. which I immediately gave her I stepped inside the 9. _house. Running has that kind of effect on most runners. It makes us feel positive and serene. Incorporating long-distance running into a daily routine will significantly change a runners life. I do not know whether it comes from following a strict routine the improved physical condition of the runner. 10. _But I do know that people quickly become addicted to the sport.Passage ThreeWhat is drug? Most of people probably think theres a perfect simple1. _ answer to this question. In fact, if one carries a quick survey on any street corner,one finds (hat, according to vast majority of people, there are two groups 2. _ of drugs: those prescribed by doctors, and those people take for non-medical use. As medicine and medical profession are generally self-respectful, there3. _ arent any objections to the use of prescribed drugs. What moat people dont realize is (hat when prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can also 4. _present a serious problem. There were many people addicted by tranquillizers5. _ before doctors began to prescribe them: now there being literally millions who6. _depend on (hem. An acceptance of the use of drugs for non-medical reasons is largely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the use of alcohol with7._horror, mainly as a result of religious upbringing. However, these similar 8. _ people freely use marijuana without a second thought, and this, in turn, isnt accepted in Western culture which accepts alcohol. In most Western societies, the9. _tea- or coffee-break s now a part of the life, And huge quantities of these drinks 10. _ are consumed daily.Passage FourIn a competitive and fast-paced modem society, busy business executives are so engrossing in (heir work that they hardly know what 1. _ the word leisure means. The higher an executives position is on the business ladder, the more hours he spends on his work. With a view to gaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, he, as a rule, far 2. _exceeds over the 40-hour working week.3. _The additional stress and tension as well as the shortage of suitable 4. _ rest and recreation very often have a disastrous effect on his health. Few such executives realize that unless they learn how to relax, they will soon run of steam before they get to the top of the executive ladder. A noted 5. _American authority on leisure has said that “The key to relaxation to busy 6. _ executives is to avoid the types of activities that are part and parcel of their daily work and to devote themselves totally to have recreational7. _ pursuits for at least a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour. 8. _Those jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activities 9. _ that are quiet and peaceful far from the madding crowd, far from client 10. _ and business associates.”Passage FiveAir quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years.Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by over 85 per cent since 1. _1950. The domestic smoking control program has been particularly 2. _important in achieving this result. London and other major cities no longer have the dense smoke-laden “smogs” of the 1950s but in central 3. _London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 per cent since 1958.Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British Monitoring network has made available to the public by the Department of the Environments Air Quantity Bulletins. These concentrated three main 4. _pollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide end grade air quality on a scale between “very weak” and “very good”. The 5. _information features in television and radio weather reports appears 6. _ in many national and Local newspapers. Therefore, 7. _the data are also available on the special free telephone number and on 8. _ video text Systems. A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air 9. _quality was announced in January 1992, Three independent committees of experts have been established to advise on different aspects of the problem, and will set guidelines and targets for air quality. The network will also being 10. _extended and upgraded at a cost of million.Passage sixThe amazing success of humans as a species is the result of the evolutionary development of our brains which hastened to tool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logical reasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the most striking ways in that chimpanzees biologically resemble humans1. _lies in the structure of their trains. The chimpanzee, with the capacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence like2. _ that of humans than does any, other mammal living today. The brain of the modem chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brain that so many millions of years ago direct the behavior of the first ape3. _ man.In a long time, the fact that prehistoric people made tools was4. _ considered to be one of the major criterion distinguishing them from 5. _other creatures. It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion tools to “a regular and set pattern” but then, prehistoric people, after their 6. _development of stone tools.Undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at which stage it seems unlikely that they made tools to a set pattern too.7. _It is because the close association in most peoples minds of 8. _tools with humans that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an objective as a tool; but it is important to realize9. _that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerning.10. _Passage sevenDuring the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couple promises each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four 1. _American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce rate has more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriages that occured in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce, The USA2. _is one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.3. _What goes wrong? That fact that divorce is so common in the United States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual,unimportant relationship. Just opposite is true. Americans expect a 4. _great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, and intellectual compatibility. They want to be loved deep and understood. 5. _It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many get divorce. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love 6. _and understanding. With typical American optimist, they end one 7. _marriage in the hope of that the next will be happier. With no-fault 8. _divorce laws in many states, It is easier than never to get a divorce. 9. _Some American Women stay in unhappy marriages because they do not have the education or job experience to support themselves and their children. But most American women believe that, if necessary, they can make it lonely without a husband. All things considered,10. _Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.Passage eightThe world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statement I mean that the people of the world are bent on making this planet inhabitable in three distinct ways. Furthermore, these three ways 1. _are all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water, 2. _or the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in the atmo-3. _sphere and poisonous substances in the water and in the soil. Industry has also been responsible to noise and visual pollution: the roar of machinery and the ugliness of factories and cheap housing developments . these factors take the joy outside of natural 4. _surroundings for human beings.However, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the 5. _hungry factories, huge forests have been leveled, mountains have stripped of their protection . The results are farther-reaching 6. _as we can know.7. _The third and the most acute of the problem is the psycho-8. _logical effect on people of increased competition and hard economic times. The reasons that people give for political unrest might be reasons of belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire of people to improve their standard of life that ultimately causes was. Because of the 9. _industrialization, much of the beauty and the simplicity of life is away.10. _Passage nineThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, Children were valued in the terms of1. _their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, his position in the structure of the family2. _was one of subordination, and their psychological needs and capacities received much consideration.3. _As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society become, each member must fulfill the4. _ number of personal and occupational role and be in constant contact 5. _with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society 6. _means that they are regarded more as people in their own right so as 7. _utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participantsin the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfareprograms devoted exclusively in their well-being.8. _This new view of children and the increasing contact betweenthe members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion of their time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now 9. _possible to influence the details of the socialization of another persons child in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and 10. _methods of child rearing.Passage tenAdvertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed whenthe use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or 1. simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities and its aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges 2. complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use 3. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and other communications media in the course of a single advertising campaign. From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned 4. into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s, approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising 5. to influence the purchase of commodities and services.Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising, directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which the appeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media.6. Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specialized types of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important, 7. form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainlyto build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns asimportant institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on 8. institutional advertising.Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising is cooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of 9. sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal 10. cold-weather breakfast.Passage elevenLike all animal species, plant species must spread their offspringto suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parents genes. 1. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plants dont have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds 2. scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plant species, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do they do? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruits ripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallowsthe fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far3. from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried thousands of miles.4. It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact,some seeds actually require passage through an animals body before they can grow.Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic. 5. When strawberry seeds arc still young and not yet ready to be planted, the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final 6. mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off, and eventually spit out the seeds.Naturally, strawberry plants doesnt set out with a conscious 7. intent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to be dispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw-8. berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection. The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the more birds spread9. its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, the birds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready.10. Passage TwelveCheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and other mammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares. 1. Cheese is one of the worlds oldest food products for thousands of years, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their surplus2. milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it 3. one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundreds of different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways. Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over4. the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable 5. nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as well as the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead to health problems when consumed in ex