Journal_Abstracts-3期刊摘要写作3.doc

Lecture 5 世界上著名的文摘机构：科学引文索引SCI(Science Citation Index )工程索引EI(Engineering Index)科学评论索引ISR(Index to Scientific Reviews)科学技术会议索引ISTP(Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings)化学文摘CA(Chemical Abstracts)美国飞行器工业协会（AIAA）(SSCI)文摘所涉及的范围非常广泛，处在期刊上公开发表的论文和学位论文之外，还涉及技术档案资料，技术报告和专利等等。Abstract (I): Journal AbstractsTopics to be covered: 1.What is an abstract? 2.How to write abstracts?3. Stylistic features of English abstracts? 4. Examples analysis1What is an abstract? An abstract can be found at the beginning of journal articles, research papers, reports, theses, dissertations, and books. An abstract is a complete but concise statement of the problem or issue, i.e., a condensation that makes sense without reference to the full document. It highlights major points covered in the work, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, identifies the methodology used, and identifies the findings, conclusions, or intended results. The abstract should contain the most important words referring to method and content of the article: these facilitate access to the abstract by computer search and enable a reader to decide whether to read the entire article. Abstract types: 1. A descriptive abstract（描述性摘要） The descriptive abstract provides a description of the reports main topic and purpose as well an overview of its contents. It does not give any specific information about the problem, method, results, or conclusions. The abstract of a journal paper is very short, usually a brief one- or two-sentence paragraph. Such an abstract is also useful for very long review-style papers, reports, books or monographs, because it demonstrates only their organization, not the content. 描述或者陈述性摘要也称指示性或介绍性在摘要。（indicative abstract/descriptive）指示性摘要只简要的介绍论文的论题，或者概括的表述研究的目的，仅仅使读者对论文的主要内容有一概括性的了解。一般不介绍方法，结果，结论的具体内容，不包含任何数据。一般只有几个简单的句子，篇幅短小，3050个词左右。Sample 1The purpose of this program is to provide generalized crack growth tracking procedures for transport bomber aircraft. A study and tests were conducted on crack growth rate characteristics, analysis schemes were developed, and tracking procedures were evaluated.Sample 2This report presents an analysis of the principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle devices is presented. Conclusions concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.Sample 3This paper describes some simulation experiments of transients on turbine load ramp, step, and rapid changes and show the transient curves of the main plant operational parameters on the Simulation of Beijing nuclear power plant.摘要：本文介绍了在北京核电厂模拟机上汽轮机符合线性变化、阶跃变化以及快速变化所引起的瞬变过程，并给出了核电厂主要运行参数的变化曲线。2. An informative abstract（信息性摘要） is the most common type of abstract. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the paper, and provides the key facts and conclusions from the body of the paper. 信息性摘要或报道性摘要或资料性摘要是目前科技期刊中学术类文摘的主要形式。大多数的摘要并不完全是信息性的或叙述性的，而是两者的结合。在信息性摘要中加入叙述性的陈述可以解决摘要过长的问题。总之，需要在简明和详细之间寻求一种平衡，使摘要既能反映论文最重要的事实与概念，有能表达得简短。3. A structured abstract (结构式摘要) 20世纪80年代后出现了另一种摘要形式。这种形式与传统的摘要明显不同之处在于在摘要行文中用醒目的字体（黑体，全部大写等）直接标出目的，方法，结果，结论等标题，便于读者了解文摘的内容。这种摘要现广泛地应用在医学卫生等学科里，有一些理工科技期刊也采用了结构式摘要。Sample 1 Development of technique of multi-arc ion platingAbstract: Aim To determine a series of regular combination having the best firmness of films, required thickness of films for various users and the best quality identity. Methods The robust optimum design methods founded by Japanese Taguchi Genichi were used. Results The thickness regularity of film is 6.5 dB higher than that of original techniques; the linear relation of film thickness and arc current ahs been found; the hardness identity of films is 3.4 dB higher; the microhardness of films is abut 937 kg higher. Conclusion Robust design of dynamic characteristic is a technology development with high efficiency and repeatability.这种结构最大的优点就是可读性非常强，读者很容易从英文摘要中了解这篇文章的重要信息。不足之处是，这种摘要到几个小标题是独立的，相互不衔接，连贯性较差。4. 近年来在一些高度专业化的学术期刊上，出现了一种摘要的特殊格式。在这种格式的摘要中，作者以研究结果作为主要内容，而省略研究目的，方法或理论与实验方面的简介。这类摘要的阅读对象通常是那些非常精通专业研究领域情况的老练的研究工作者。2. How to write a journal abstract:The length of the abstract should be restricted to the limit set by the journal or relevant academic regulation, often about 250 words (say about 15 sentences). The abstract consists of 5 linked parts: background, problem, methods/approaches, results, and implications/significance. The proportion of the abstract taken by each part varies considerably. Background/introduction: Briefly set up the background and context to the study, its rationale and significance. Within this background, you need to couch the problem. Problem: Here you need to identify the particular research problem under investigation, the purpose of the study, and any specific research objectives or hypotheses. 本文的目的以及所要解决的问题。Methods: Outline the approach you took and the methods you used to investigate the problem. Describe the extent of the study, what you did or measured, and how you did it. Specify the location of the study and when it was performed. 即论文的主要工作过程以及所采用的技术手段或方法，还包括主要设备和仪器，仪表等。对新技术手段则应清楚地描述其基本原理，应用范围以及所达到的精度和误差等。Results: give any important data. Be specific, not vague. Quantify if possible; avoid terms such as most or some if you have the specific numbers. State the major interpretations and findings, how the findings relate to the original research problem, and any limitations/caveats on the results. 结果应力求简明而富有信息性，可以是所获得的实验数据，实验结果或关系式，也可以是理论性成果，还可以是所关注的相关联系及观察到的主要现象等。Implications/conclusion: Finish by stating the contribution of the work and its implications. There may be implications for associated problems, or for previous studies, e.g., reinterpretation of a previous model may be necessary in the light of your findings. Do your results have general or specific application or relevance?/significance/结论阐明成果所蕴涵的意义，特别要阐明这种意义是怎样与研究目的想联系的。4. A model for journal abstract writing:This paper discusses _. By using _, the results which show _ are obtained. These results will be significant for _.另外，为了比避免重复，有些摘要中的结果和结论紧密地结合在一起写。 有的作者会用一个句子来同时表达研究目的或题目和研究方法。其中的一种写作方法是使用主句来指出研究目的，短语用于描述研究方法。或采用句首或句尾的短语来表示研究目的，而主句用来描述研究方法。e.g. 1. In the sensor part of the system, the quality of combustion inside the furnace is evaluated by means of three parametersthe Combustion Center Point (CCP), the Refuse Mass Energy (RME) and the Air Balance in Future (ABF).2. Laboratory compaction and triaxial compression tests were performed to assess the compaction characteristics and load deformation response of a sandy silt reinforced with randomly oriented recycled carpet fibers. 5. Examples:6 Stylistic features of English Abstracts1. ABC principles: accuracy, brevity and clarity.Accuracy: e.g. symptom/sign 两词都可以在非科技文章中指疾病的症状，但在医学文章 里，symptom指病人主观感觉的病状，如头晕，胸闷，失眠等。而sign则指的是客观可以检查到的症状，如黄疸，浮肿，淋巴腺肿大等。Safety/security都可以指安全的意思，但safety是安全，平安的意思，可指自身安全，使用产品的安全等，如安全措施，汽车的安全带，安全岛，安全运行。而security则是安全措施，保安措施的意思。Brevity在摘要中要尽量使用短句子，如果碰到长句子也尽量拆成几个短句子。The English language is about one-half redundant.English is half redundant.Version one:The onset of chronic leukemia is frequently so insidious that it is accidentally discovered when a blood count is obtained for other reasons or when the patient reports to his physician that he has noted a few enlarged lymph nodded or felt, while bathing, a firm left upper quadrant abdominal mass.Version two:The onset of chronic leukemia is often very insidious. It may be accidentally found when a blood count is obtained for other reasons. Sometimes the patients own discovery of a few enlarged lymph nodes or a firm left upper quadrant abdominal mass may lead to its diagnosis.Version one:In this paper, an enhancement, which is named as ABC, is proposed to try to get a more powerful object-oriented method.Version two:An enhancement method, ABC, is proposed. It is a more powerful object-oriented method.Clarity写作的过程中，摘要的写作要尽可能的具体，避免模糊，笼统的写法。如：The cross-section was (5.250.26)x /the cross section was measured.The continuous process requires 10% less raw material inventory and a 5% reduction in labor.The continuous process will reduce costs,2. Linguistic features of abstracts: 1. The use of the past tense when describing what was done; 在时态上，英文摘要多一般现在时和过去时。采用一般现在时说明研究的目的，描述研究的内容，得出结果与结论等。采用一般过去时用来描述作者过去某一时间的发现，某一研究（观察、调查、试验、治疗等）过程等。现在英文摘要尽量少用现在完成时，更少用过去完成时等。2. the use of impersonal passive; 在经验丰富的作者所撰写的文章中，平均有25%的句子使用被动语态。We also found that physicists and chemists were more likely to adopt a personal stance by using “we” in the abstract writing.3. the avoidance of excessive use of abbreviations, jargons, symbols and other language shortcuts that might lead to ambiguity;4. containing all your key words (for the searchable databases);5. Short abstracts (100-300 words for articles and papers) are usually a single unified paragraph; longer abstracts for theses and reports may be paragraphed. The abstract itself should be a mini-essay.6. 另外，摘要一定要客观，不应带有个人的主观色彩。一般不宜使用perhaps, maybe, likely, possibly, probably, etc.7. 摘要只限表示新信息，新内容，应减少或取消对过去研究情况的描述，减少或取消不必要的背景信息。也不应包括作者未来的计划，如“有关小xxx方面的研究有待进一步开展”等。8. 在摘要写作中，可以对物理量单位及一些通用词适当简化。8.Overuse of Relative Structures (Who, Which, That) (omit when possible):e.g.Weak: The novel, which is entitled Ulysses, takes place. Improved: The novel Ulysses takes place. Weak: It was Confucius who said. Improved: Confucius said. Weak: I think that X is the case.Improved: X is the case, as this evidence shows.Weak: There is a tendency among many writers who may be seen to display certain signs of lackof confidence that their sentences will be overloaded with relative clauses and other words which are generally useless in function.Improved:Many hesitant writers overload their sentences with relative clauses and other useless words.9.3.Useful sentence structures for abstract writing.Beginning: l This paper deals with (discusses, describes, establishes, presents, reports, etc.) the design (an investigation, experimental results, analysis, method, model, characteristics, principles, approaches, problem, phenomenon, etc.) of .l An analysis of . is described (presented, etc.) in this paper.l This author reviews (holds/insist/maintain/think/believe, touches upon) something.l This article has been prepared (designed, written) to .l The aim of this article is to determine (explore, review).l This paper is aimed atBody:l The method(theory) is adopted/use/apply in and the data (experimental results, model, etc.) are (is ) derived (obtained, found, revealed, developed, etc.).l The experiment (investigation, technique, method) was made, (conducted, applied, used, etc.) to . Concluding:l The results show (indicate, suggest, etc.) that .l It is found (observed, suggested, etc.) that. l The article (author) finds (considers, deems) it necessary (advisable) to .7.EI 中国信息部对信息性摘要写作的基本要求。(PDF文件)Examples: 1. （From Materials Protection, Vol. 36, Jan., 2003)铁基合金在KCI盐膜下的腐蚀摘要：利用热重分析法对几种工程材料在KCI盐膜下于750-800C空气中的腐蚀进行了研究。结果表明材料在固体/熔融态的KCL盐膜下均发生了加速腐蚀，合金的耐蚀性与Cr含量的增加没有直接关系。由热力学方面讨论了材料的腐蚀机制及合金化元素的作用。关键词：热腐蚀；铁基合金；盐膜；热重分析法。KCL Induced Corrosion of Fe-Base Engineering MaterialsAbstract: The corrosion behaviors of Fe-base engineering materials with different Cr contents beneath KCL salt film were examined at 750-800C in air by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the corrosion of materials were accelerated beneath the solid/melt state salt films, and there were not direct relation between the corrosion resistance of alloy and the increasing of Cr contents. The corrosion mechanism and the effects of alloy elements were discussed from the thermodynamic aspects.Key words: hot corrosion; carbon steel; salt film; thermogravimetric analysis.2. (From Materials Protection, Vol. 36, Jan., 2003)纳米氧化铈颗粒对电沉积锌层耐蚀性的影响摘要：研究了纳米氧化铈颗粒对电沉积锌层耐蚀性的影响。结果表明，纳米氧化铈颗粒能显著提高锌镀层的耐蚀性；能促使锌镀层晶面产生择优取向，并使锌镀层更致密，更均匀；在一定范围内增加镀锌液中纳米氧化铈颗粒含量，锌镀层的耐蚀性可随之提高；此外，纳米氧化铈颗粒的分散方法对镀锌层的耐蚀性也有影响。关键词：电积层；纳米复合镀层；锌镀层；耐蚀性；纳米氧化铈颗粒Effect of Ceria Nanoparticles on Corrosion Resistance of Electrondeposited Zinc CoatingAbstract: The effect of Ceria nanoparticles on electrondeposited zinc coatings had been investigated. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of zinc coatings with ceria nanoparticles increased obviously. Ceria nanoparticles promoted preferred orientation of zinc matrix and made the crystal particles of zinc coatings more uniform（well-proportioned） and dense. The corrosion resistance of zinc coatings was also depended on the disperse methods of ceria nanoparticles.Key words: electrondepositing; nano-composite coating; zinc coatings; corrosion resistance; ceria nanoparticles3. （From PPG Technology Journal, Volume 5, April, 1999）Modeling Transmitted Color and Solar Optical Properties