各课考点-语法学习 形容词和副词.doc

语法学习形容词和副词.名词化的形容词.形容词的位置.副词的位置.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级.比较结构.最高级.同源形容词或副词的比较形容词adjectives在句中主要用作定语、表语、主补/宾补和状语；副词adverbs主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子，也有些副词作表语、定语或构成复合宾语。 【名词化的形容词】有些形容词和定冠词连用，表示一类人或物，相当于一个名词，称为名词化了的形容词，可作主语、宾语等。表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示事物时，谓语动词用单数。如：The wise look to the wiser for advice and travel through error to truth.聪明的人期待从更聪明的人那里获得指点，从而拨开迷雾找到真理。The new and progressive always triumphs over the old and obsolete.新的、进步的事物总是战胜旧的、陈腐的事物。【形容词的位置】作为名词修饰语的形容词通常前置，但有时也可后置。当数个词类共同修饰一个名词时，原则上与名词关系最密切的词最靠近该名词。前置定语排列顺序见下表。例如：a physically-weak, thin-faced, grey-haired, dark-skinned tall old Indian man 一位白发苍苍、面容消瘦、体质虚弱、高个黑皮肤的印度老翁前置定语排列顺序限定词描述性形容词分类性形容词（动）名词前置词冠词代词所有格数词性质状态大小长短高低年龄温度新旧形态形状颜色国籍地区出处物质材料（动）名词AllBoth Suchthea(n)this that some any your hisfirst second one threegoodfinekindprettylargesmalllongyounghotwarmnewroundsquarewhitepinkEnglishsouthernwoodenstonehuntinggirl后置定语：A) 形容词修饰由some, any, no等构成的合成词时后置。Id like something cheaper. 我想要便宜点的。B) 表语形容词如alone, afraid, asleep, awake, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable等作定语时后置。He is the only man awake at that time. 他是当时唯一醒着的人。C) 形容词enough作定语时后置He had no money enough to buy the car. 他没有足够的钱去买那辆汽车。D) 由后缀-able和-ible构成的形容词作定语时后置，常见的有sensible, visible, acceptable, imaginable, available, remarkable等。the price acceptable 可接受的价格There were no tickets available for Saturdays performance. 星期六的演出票弄不到了。E) 当形容词本身带有不定式、介词词组等构成形容词词组的组成部分时后置。English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master.英语是一种初学容易而精通困难的语言。F) 有些形容词如present, due, involved, responsible, concerned等作定语时既可前置也可后置，但含义不同。the person responsible负责人a responsible man可信赖的人the members present出席的成员the present members现在的成员the issue involved有关的问题the involved issue复杂的问题the people concerned有关的人the concerned mother担心的母亲due care and attention适当小心the bill due到期的帐单【副词的位置】1) 多数副词放在动词之后，如果是及物动词，一般放在宾语后面。I cannot speak English well. He looked at her angrily. 2）频度副词ever, rarely, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, always, often, never, usually, constantly等通常放在行为动词之前，助动词（情态动词、系动词）之后。She has never been late.3）疑问副词(when, why, how, what等)、连接副词(otherwise, meanwhile, moreover, thus, nevertheless, accordingly等)和一些修饰整个句子的副词(briefly, naturally, maybe, possibly, actually, luckily, unfortunately等)一般放在句首，有时也位于句中或句尾，作插入语。Evidently Tom is to blame for it.4）程度副词如rather, very, much, deeply, partly, quite, too, definitely, awfully, fairly等一般放在被修饰词之前。但enough常放在被修饰词之后。This young man is old enough to be responsible for his action.5）地点副词通常放在句尾。6) 在同一句中，副词排列原则如下：The army advanced secretly to the suburb yesterday.I finished my writing at nine oclock yesterday evening.【形容词、副词的比较级和最高级】大多数形容词和副词可分等级，即原级positive degree、比较级comparative degree和最高级superlative degree。1) 单音节词和少数以-er, -ow, -le, -y结尾的双音节词加词尾-er/ -est。情况加法举例原级比较级最高级一般情况直接加-er/ -estsmallsmallersmallest以e结尾的词加-r/ -stlargelargerlargest以“辅音+y”结尾的词变y为i，再加-er/ -estbusybusierbusiest单音节词尾为“短元音+辅音”双写结尾辅音，再加-er/ -estredredderreddest2) 多音节词和大多数双音节词加more和most。如：importantmore importantmost importantusefulmore usefulmost useful3) 少数形容词和副词的变化不规则，见下表：原级比较级最高级good, well（好）betterbestbad, badly, ill（坏）worseworstmany, much（多）moremostlittle（小，少）lessleastfar（远）farther更远, further进一步farthest, furthestold（老）older, elder年长的oldest, eldest【比较结构】1) (not)as+原级+as（不）和一样He is as busy as before. 他还是像以前那样忙。Fresh fruit costs twice as much as canned fruit. 新鲜水果的价钱比罐头水果贵一倍。I havent made as much progress as I should. 我没有取得应有的进步。I dont sing popular songs half so well as you. 我唱流行歌曲还没有你一半好。 2) 比较级+than This bed is more comfortable than the other. 这张床比那张要舒服。A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 鲸和马同样不是鱼。She goes to school earlier than the other classmates. 她上学比其他同学都早。3) more and more 越来越We hope that our country can be stronger and stronger. 我们希望我们的国家越来越强大。4) the more the more越就越 Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels. 事实上，他越忙越高兴。5) all the more 因而更加Thatll make the work all the more difficult. 这将使这工作更加难做。6) more or less或多或少，大体上Weve succeeded in the first stage, more or less. 第一阶段我们大体上算成功了。7) 主语+谓语+the same+名词+as+名词/代词 “与同样”This building is the same height as that one. 这栋楼与那栋楼一样高。注意：A) 比较级前可加表示程度的状语，如：a little, a bit, slightly, a lot, by far, somewhat等。This room is far/ much cooler than that one. 这间屋子比那间要凉快得多。B) 在形容词或副词的比较级时，要省略可省的词以避免重复。但只有性质相同的事物才能进行比较，故那些必要的词不能省略，否则逻辑意思模糊。It rains more often in Shanghai than in Peking. 上海雨下得比北京多。（此句省略得当，句子结构对称）She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.（此句应在predecessor后加did，句子才能完整。）C) 同一事物的两种不同性质的比较用more/ less A than B，表示“与其说 B不如说A”，比较级只能用more形式不能用-er形式，还可连接除形容词或副词以外的其他词语。它与普通用法的more/less than（比更）可采取more形式也可采取-er形式不同。The living room is larger than the dining room. 客厅比厨房大。I think that English speaking is more important than English reading.我认为英语口语比阅读更重要。He was more hurt than frightened. 与其说他受到惊吓，还不如说他受到伤害。He is more scholar than teacher. 与其说他是个教师，不如说他是个学者。D) not so much A as B “与其说A不如说B”，区别于比较结构的not so as。I did that not so much for myself as for my son. 我做这件事与其说是为自己，不如说是为我儿子。He is not so much a writer as a journalist. 与其说他是一个作家，不如说他是一个新闻工作者。E) 本身含有比较意义的句型,不再用比较级。senior/ junior to 年长/年幼于superior/ inferior to 优越于/劣于【最高级】主语+谓语+the最高级+ Tom is the shortest of the three brothers.Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.Hainan is Chinas second largest island.Of all the boys, he finishes the work most quickly.（副词最高级前用不用定冠词都可以，多数不用。）【同源形容词或副词的比较】具有同一词源、不同的后缀所构成的成对或成组的形容词或副词称为同源形容词或同源副词。它们的意义有的大致相同，有的相近，有的则明显不同。特别是区别，需要同学们积累记忆。如：respectful表示尊敬的respe