小升初语法汇总.doc

2017小升初英语必备英语语法：一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every，sometimes，at，on SundayI leave home for school at7 every morning. 2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3)表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me，I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2017年小升初英语语法知识点：一般现在时1.一般现在时表示经常或习惯性的动作，也可表示现在的状态或主语具备的性格和能力。2.一般现在时中，没有be动词和情态动词，主语为第三人称单数的肯定句，动词要按规则加上s，主语是非第三人称单数的肯定句，动词用原形。3.在一般现在时中，句中有be动词或情态动词时，否定句在be动词和情态动词后加not，一般疑问句将be动词或情态动词放在句首。4.在一般现在时中，句中没有be动词或情态动词时，主语为第三人称单数的否定句在动词前加does+not （doesnt），一般疑问句在句首加does，句子中原有动词用原形；主语为非第三人称单数，否定句用do+not （dont），一般疑问句在句首加do，句子中动词用原形。动词+s的变化规则1.一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks， milk-milks2 .以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses， wash-washes， watch-watches， go-goes3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i， 再加-es，如：study-studies2017小升初英语必备英语语法：数词篇表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词1）基数词写法和读法：345 three hundred and forty-five；2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：a.与of短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people指许多人；b.在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里；如：They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c.表示“几十岁”；d.表示“年代”，用in+the+数词复数；e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3x5=15 Three fives is（are）fifteen.二、序数词序数词的缩写形式：first1st second2nd thirty-first31st三、数词的用法1）倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+adj.+asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+the size（amount，length）ofThe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。c.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+thanThe grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。d.还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。2）分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third；3/37 three thirty-sevenths.2017小升初英语必备英语语法：名词变复数变化规则1、 一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books，bag-bags，cat-cats，bed-beds2、以s、x、sh、ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses，box-boxes，brush-brushes，watch-watches3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i，再加-es，如：family-families，strawberry-strawberries4、以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es，如：knife-knives5.不规则名词复数：man-men，woman- women，policeman-policemen，policewoman-policewomen，mouse-mice child- children foot-feet，tooth-teeth fish-fish，people-people，Chinese- Chinese，Japanese-Japanese2017小升初英语必备英语语法：虚拟语气如果你看到下列的句子，你会认为它们是正确的还是错的呢？1.I wish I were a bird.2.Were quest that you be here tomorrow.也许你会说：哈哈，第一句的I were错了，应该是I was；而第二句中的you be是什么东东呀？不是you are，也不是 you will be，什么you be？！其实上面的句子都是一种称为Subjunctive类型的句子。Subjunctive Mood有的书译为假设语气，虽不很贴切；但在相当大的程度上，告诉我们这种句子的特点。Subjunctive Mood中文译作虚拟语气，似乎不及假设语气那么容易明白。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。基本上，虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在 (Subjunctive Present)和虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)两种；但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态 (Present Tense)和过去时态(Past Tense)是有所不同的。一、虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present)：虚拟现在的句子，在任何时候都要用动词的原形(root form)，就算是第三人称(he，she，it)也是如此。如：1.1现在时态(Simple Present)：(右边为虚拟语气)I work-I workyou work-you workhe works-he work(注意到了吗，是work，不是works)she works-she work(不是she works喔）it works-it work(同样不是itworks喔)we work-we workthey work-they work1.2现在进行时态(Present Continuous)：(右边为虚拟语气）I am working-I be working(注意用的是be，怪怪的！)you are working-you be workinghe is working-he be workingshe is working-she be workingit is working-it be workingwe are working-we be workingthey are woring-they be working1.3现在完成时态(Present Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)I have worked - I have workedyou have worked - you have workedhe has worked - he have worked (用的还是have喔)she has worked - she have workedit has worked - it have workedwe have worked - we have workedthey have worked - they have worked1.4现在完成进行时态(Present Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)been workingit has been working - it have been workingwe have been working - we have been workingthey have been working - they have been working谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)（二）二、虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如：动词 be，在虚拟过去中要用 were。2.1过去时态(Simple Past):(右边为虚拟语气)I worked - I workedyou worked - you workedhe worked - he workedshe worked - she workedit worked - it workedwe worked - we workedthey worked - they worked2.2过去进行时态(Past Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)I was working - I were working （注意是 I were）you were working - you were workinghe was working - he were working (是 he were 喔)she was working - she were workingit was working - it were workingwe were working - we were workingthey were working - they were working2.3过去完成时态(Past Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)I had worked - I had workedyou had worked - you had workedhe had worked - he had workedshe had worked - she had workedit had worked - it had workedwe had worked - we had workedthey had worked - they had worked(耶，全部都用 had ! )2.4过去完成进行时态(Past Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)I had been working - I had been workingyou had been working - you had been workinghe had been working - he had been workingshe had been working - she had been workingit had been working - it had been workingwe had been working - we had been workingthey had been working - they had been workingI have been working - I have been workingyou have been working - you have been workinghe has been working - he have been working(是 he have, 不是 he has )she has been working - she have2017小升初英语必备英语语法：名词所有格在英语中，特别是表示有生命的名词，可以加s表示所属关系，名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。一、名词词尾加s的所有格1.一般情况在名词后加s例如：Thatgirlscoatisintheroom.那个女孩的衣服在房间里。2.在以s结尾的名词（包括以s结尾的复数名词）后面，只加。如果复数名词不是以s结尾的，末尾也要加s。例如：TodayisSeptember10th，TeachersDay.今天是九月十日，教师节。ChildrensDayiscoming，Ishouldbuysomethingnewformyson.儿童节马上就要到了，我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。3.表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时，须在各个名词后加s；如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词后面加s。例如：TheyareJohnsandKatesrooms.Howbeautifultheyare！这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们（指房间）太漂亮了！HeisLilyandLucysfather.他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。4.表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格，一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。例如：MyfatherandIwillhavedinnerattheJohnsons（home）。我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。Wewillhaveourhaircutatthebarbers（shop）tomorrowafternoon.明天下午我们要去理发店理发。5.有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词，也可以加s构成所有格。例如：Thereissomethingimportantintodaysnewspaper.今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。Itsabouttenminuteswalkfromschooltoourhomeeveryday.每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。6.英语名词所有格修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，后面则可以省略，以防止重复。例如：ThisisnotDicksdictionary，butisToms.这不是迪克的字典，但是是汤姆的。二、由of短语构成的所有格1.表示无生命的名词一般与of构成短语，表示所有关系。如Thereisariverontheothersideoftheroad.在公路的另一边有一条河。2.有时我们用名词+of+名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如：ThisisaphotoofMrBrowns.这是一张布朗先生的照片。名词所有格用法口诀英语名词所有格，表示物品所有权。名词后加s，这种情况最常见。两者共有添最后，各有各添记心间。复数名词有s，后面只把来添。名词若为无生命，我们常把of用。AofB是B的A，体现英汉序不同。2017小升初英语必备英语语法：主动与被动语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。1)若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加to。此类动词为感官动词。feel，hear，help，listento，lookat，mak英语e，observe，see，notice，watchTheteachermademegooutoftheclassroom。-Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher)。Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground。-Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground。2)情态动词+be+过去分词，构成被动语态。Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry。2017小升初英语必备英语语法：全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1)here，there，now，then，thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be，come，go，lie，run。Theregoesthebell.Thencamethechairman.Hereisyourletter.2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.2017小升初英语必备英语语法：部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do，does或did，并将其置于主语之前。句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no，not，never，seldom，little，hardly，atnotime，innoway，notuntil等。NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.当Notuntil引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.Themotherdidntleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.典型例题1)WhycantIsmokehere？Atnotime_inthemeeting-roomA.issmokingpermittedB.smokingispermittedC.smokingisitpermittedD.doessmokingpermit答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括 no，little，hardly，seldom，never，notonly，notuntil等。本题的正常语序是 Smokingispermittedinthemeeting-roomatnotime.2)Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury_whatheatis.A.mandidknowB.manknowC.didntmanknowD.didmanknow答案D.看到Notuntil的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Mandidnotknowwhatheatisuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了，否则意思就变了。2017小升初英语必备英语语法：可数名词与不可数名词一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的，这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如 worker，farmer，desk，factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people，family等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的，这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如 meat，rice，water，milk，orange等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如 work，homework，time，health，friendship等)。二、关于可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下：1.一般的名词词尾直接加-s。如：bookbooksroomroomshousehousesdaydays2.以s，ss，ch，sh，x结尾的名词，在词尾加-es。如：busbusesglassglasseswatchwatchesdishdishesboxboxes3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，要先将y改为i再加-es。如：citycitiesbodybodiesfactoryfactories等等。4.以f或fe结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：halfhalvesleafleavesknifekniveswifewives5.特例悄悄话：特例常常考，要记住。childchildrenmanmenwomanwomenpolicemanpolicemen(规律：manmen)tomatotomatoespotatopotatoes悄悄话：初中英语以o结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的当然加-s喽！如：photophotosfootfeettoothteeth悄悄话：oo变成ee。sheep，Chinese，Japanese单、复数同形悄悄话：变复数时词形不变。people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。三、关于不可数名词1.不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。2017年小升初英语语法知识点：名词复数规则1.一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books， bag-bags， cat-cats， bed-beds2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses， box-boxes， brush-brushes， watch-watches3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i， 再加-es，如：family-families， strawberry-strawberries4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v， 再加-es，如：knife-knives5.不规则名词复数： man-men， woman-women， policeman-policemen， policewoman-policewomen， mouse-mice child-children foot-feet，.tooth-teeth fish-fish， people-people， Chinese-Chinese， Japanese-Japanese2017年小升初英语语法练习：句子的分类1一 你能判断下列句子属于哪一类吗？将A或B填入句子前面的括号里。 A无动作，表状态，主系表 B 有动作，表动作，主谓（宾） （ ）1 He is a teacher. ( ) 2 My parents are at home. ( ) 3 I like English. ( ) 4 She is tall. ( ) 5 I have a good friend. ( ) 6 He walks to school. ( ) 7 They swim. ( ) 8 Her name is Jenny. ( ) 9 He does his homework everyday. ( )10 We are in the classroom. 二 用 画出句中的主系表句，用画出句中的主谓（宾） I am Jenny.I am a girl of ten. My favourite subject is English， because its very interesting. And I like speaking English . I have a nice English teacher. Her name is Sharon. She loves us very much. She is very strick(严格) with us，but we all like her. She likes playing basketball. She likes reading books very much.， and she often tells us some fuuny stories. My favorite sports are swimming and dancing. I cant play chess， but I Want to join the chess club(俱乐部) .My favorite animal is lovely cat. Its name is Mimi. It is white and black. It often stays under the chair but now it is sleeping on the chair. 根据短文内容判断 正 误 1 Jennys favorite Subject is English. ( )2 Jenny can play chess. ( ) 3 Jennys English teacher likes playing basketball. ( ) 4 Sharon often tells her students some funny stories. ( ) 5 Mimi is sleeping under the chair. ( )三 帮助下列四类词找到自己的家 heavy it play do she Liming Christmas young sport time umbrella big quiet window theirs Beijing new like favorite his ours have me go this let Wednesday swim help dirty cool him 名词： 形容词： 代词： 动词： 四 完型填空 Look at the picture of 1 room. 2 are white and the windows are big . 3 the wall you can see 4 old picture of her family. 5 the picture Ann sits on the floor . 6 father and mother 7 behind 8 .Her father is 9 .He has blue 10 .Her mother is Chinese. She has black eyes. ( ) 1 A Ann B a Anns C Anns D an Anns ( ) 2 A The Wall B Walls C The walls D The wall ( ) 3 A On B In C Of D At ( ) 4 A a B an C the D / ( ) 5 A On B In C Of D At ( ) 6 A She B Her C Your D My ( ) 7 A am B is C are D do ( ) 8 A she B her C him D he ( ) 9 A English B an English C a English D the English ( ) 10 A eyes B shirt C bag D skirt Jane Smith is _1_American girl .She is a _2_. Shes thirty years old. _3_ father is Mr Smith .Her mother is _4_Smith .Bob is her 5_. Hes a policeman.Hes _6_than Jane .Today Bob is 7_.He wears a blue _ and _black runners， He_handsome.(四中分班考试题) 1. A a B. an C. the D. / 2. A. student B. teacher C. clerk D. worker 3. A. his B. Hers C. Her D. She 4. A. Miss B. Mrs. C. / D. Mr 5. A. sister B. brother C. mother D. father 6. A. tall B. tallest C. taller D .taller 7. A. at home B.work C . home D.sleep 8. A. shirt B. blouse C. dress D. skirt 9. A. a B .a pair of C. some D./ 10. A. look B. looks C.looked D. looking 提高题 -连词成句 1 a this Chinese is kite beautiful. _ 2 always I my lunch make _ 3 Is door the telephone beside the _. 4 driver father a is bus her _. 5 of a family that your is photo _？ 6 your are colour T-shirt what _？ 7 live I in house new a _. 8 Some we flowers need vase and a _. 9 Danny his teeth burshes morning every _. 10 with we teachers like table tennis our playing _. 11 go together school they after home often . 12 had my a I lunch with family _. 13 play at games Festival they Spring . 14 go I by usually to bus school . 15 family have our usually fun tighter . 16 my soccer sport favorite is . 17 she tv waches on sports . 18 eats six a week breakfast Kim times . 19 too basketball the heavy is . 20 I some in store things the sports判断句子结构并分析下列句子的成分 1 We cook breakfast on the stove. 2 We take a shower on Friday in the bathroom. 3 Liming usually goes to school by bus. 4 Are these dishes dirty？ 5 You had a good trip. 6 They put some meat in the middle of the cirle. 7 Everyone in the living room is quiet. 8 I need to wash my hand. 9 My family lives in an apartment. 10 You speak English very well. 11 This restaurant makes good soup！ 12 Is Canada far from China？ 13 Three lines make triangle. 14.It s windy today. 15 I always visit my grandparents.2017年小升初英语语法知识点：数词（num.）1数词（num.）是表示数量和顺序的词。一 基数词：表示数量是多少。基数词的写法：我们从一数到十二1）one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve2）13-19词尾为teen：thirteen， fourteen， fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen3）20，30，40逢十词尾为ty：twenty， thirty， forty，fifty，sixty，seventy，eighty，ninety4）21-99在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成73 seventy-three 88 eighty-eight56 9744 255）101-999先说几百，再加and.再加末尾两位数(或末尾数)178 one hundred and seventy-eight238 two hundred and thirty- eight4845926389991,000 a thousand百，千不能加s， 如果加s， 后面就有of， 表示成百上千的hundreds of， 成千上万的thousands of基数词的用法：1）时间表达法（1）直读 (写) 法：即直接用基数词读出时间7： 00：seven oclock 9： 30：nine thirty5： 25 3： 06采用这种时间表达法时，如果所表示的时间是整点，就用“基数词+ oclock”表示，而且oclock常常可以省略。如：7：00可以说成seven oclock，也可以说成seven。如果分钟数是个位数(即小于10的数)，常常需要在分钟数前加“o”，但在现代英语中，“o”大有被省略的趋势。如：11：05 eleven ( o ) five（2）借助past和to的表达法： past表达法。分钟数小于30时，用past，即表达为“分钟数+past+小时数”，意为“几点过几分”。如：8： 10 ten past eight ，7：20 6：2510：14 16：08 半点表达为“half + past+ 小时数”。如：6：30 half past six8：30 16：3019：30 20：30 to表达法。分钟数大于30时表达为“(60-分钟数)+to+(小时数+1)”，即“几点差几分”。如：8：40 (9 点差20 分) twenty to nine9：56 10：4615：38 11：54 若分钟数是15或45，通常用a quarter来表示。如：5：45 a quarter to six 4：15 a quarter past four11：15 12：4523：45 17：15时间表达法口诀时间表达有方法，先时后分莫弄差。要说几点过几分，前分后时中past.Quarter表示一刻钟，半点正好用half，要说几点差几分，前分后时to表达。2）小数点读point：1.5米读：one point five metres.你的身高是：3）表示编了号的东西可以这样读：201房间读：Room two oeu one第一中学读：No. 1 Middle School电话号码7071856读：seven oeu seven one eight five six2017年小升初英语语法知识点：序数词1表示顺序是第几，前面一般要有“the”。序数词的写法一句话语法：基数词变序数词，一二三变字体，“th”从四加起，八加“h”九减“e”， 五十二，用“f”替“ve”， 整十若是基变序，“ty”变成“tie”， 20以上两位数，十位基数各位序first second third / fourth fifth sixth /seventh eighth ninth / tenth eleventh twelfth /thirteenth / fourteenth /fifteenth sixteenth /eighteenth nineteenth twentieth / twentii 从21到99，几十连线个位数。twenty-one ninety-nine twenty-first ninety-ninth100以上先读百，and加上几十几。365读：three hundred and sixty-five。712读：序数词用数字表示时，需在数字后面加上书写形式的最后两个字母（表示日期时除外）：first1stsecond2ndthird=3rdfourth=4thtwentyfirst=21stfortysecond=42ndsixtythird63rdeightieth80th75 th = 82 nd=91 st= 54 th=在复合序数词中，and的用法与在基数词中的用法相同：101st=the hundred and first序数词之前通常要用定冠词the：the sixtieth day第60天the fortieth visit