英美概况美国部分整理.docx

America The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立First Inhabitants：American IndiansDiscovery of the New World：1492 Christopher Columbus the discoverer of America(Italian)Spanish Queen s support1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci the new land was name after him as America.reached the mouth of Amazon RiverAmericathe New WorldEuropethe Old World13 colonies：New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies:Massachusetts （2nd colony，1620） New York MarylandNew Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia （1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North CarolinaConnecticut South Carolina Georgia （the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont建立原因：Virginia, 1607Virginia CompanyFor foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England105 men (no women)Jamestown in honor of the kingMassachusetts In 1620102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to AmericaFirst in Plymouth (todays Massachusetts); and then BostonSeek religious freedomMayflower Compact ：self-governmentHardships when arrivedthe help of the IndiansThanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protectionThe next three coloniesRhode Island, Connecticut, New HampshireReasons: 1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified2. more immigrantsMaine and VermontReason: Proximity (邻近)Non-English ColoniesNew York, New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch.Delaware was founded by the Swedish.Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of Friends (another group of English Protestant)William Penn, the founderGranted coloniesMaryland granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics.South Carolina and North Carolina given by Charles II to his eight close supporters.The last colony GeorgiaA haven (港口，避难所) for English prisoners of debt who could not discharge their debts. The Early Immigrants最初的殖民与殖民生活White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)Reasons to immigrate: 1. religious disputes （persecute Catholics and Protestants）2. to become rich in the New World (Protestant work ethic)3. poor men as indentured servants（契约劳工）4. convictsAmerican culture:A blending of European cultures, but not a mere transplantation.New values:1. new ideas and reforms 2. adaptations: less formal and more practical; less conservative and more outspoken3. industrious4. elasticity (弹性，灵活性),tolerance, compromise5. religion as a private affair6. liberty and democracy Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件Relation between England and ColoniesEconomic: supply England with raw materials while importing goods manufactured in England.England Rival; seven years war (1756-1763) France Protection Make use of Indians to attack each other English colonies in America attack Indians波士顿倾茶事件Cause: England allow the East India Company to undersell tea without paying import tax in the colonies. Place&Time：December 16, 1773, Boston harbor英国惩罚措施Intolerable Acts：ask to pay tea loss；to deprive self-ruleResult: This policy aroused the colonial opposition and they declared“no taxation without representation”. Two Continental Congresses 两次大陆会议1st Continental CongressSept. 5, 1774 in PhiladelphiaDelegates from 12 colonies except GeorgiaDocument: Declaration of Rights and Grievances 权利和不满宣言Rejected by the British ParliamentColonial militiamen were organized.The first armed clash （莱克星顿的枪声导火索）April 19, 1775; Gunshots at the village Lexington, near Boston2nd Continental CongressMay 10, 1775 in Philadelphia, Independence HallOrganize and equip an American armyAppointing George Washington as commander-in-chiefAsk for help from other countries, esp. FrancePublic support: 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense and The American Crisis Declaration of Independence独立宣言During the 2nd Continental CongressA committee,(composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adam and other members)To draw up the Declaration of Independence.It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776 (Independence Day / the National Day of the US)was a milestone in American history. It is remarkable in that it approaches the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government.” - Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc. 来源和评价：A masterpiece of western philosophy; mainly comes from the British philosopher John Locke equality and freedomuniversal; beyond American boundaries Military Struggle and the Final Victory 战争经过和最后胜利England VS America 战前实力对比England Americapopulation: 10 m. 3 millionmost advanced not developedstrongest navy none High morale- Americans: high morale but repeated setbacksDifficulties:1. not every colonist support the revolution: loyalists such as big merchants and bankers2. the Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an executive branch to carry out the decisions3. lack money4. each colony is more concerned about defending itself than gaining independence as a whole5. lack the strength to fight against the British army.Turning point and the victories1.Surprise attacks游击战2.Franklin s diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids from France, Spain and Holland.3.French volunteers: e.g. LafayetteLast victory: Decisive battle at Yorktown led by WashingtonOn Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwallis (康沃利斯) surrendered.The final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the American Independence.（The final peace treaty was signed in 1782 and went in effect in 1783） Constitutional Convention 制宪会议America Following Independence new problems 1) how to make use of the new territory -allow the founding of new states equality and democracy2) not very closely united -13 separate states rather than a united country 3) economic difficulties- trade problem with Britain -debts because of the Independance War- increasing tax and Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts The need for a new Government was felt May 25,1787,55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.No easy work:the North vs the Souththe upper class vs lower classstate government vs central governmentThe draft of Constitution-completed on September 17, 1787-Constitutional Day of the US The Father of the Constitution: James Madison Bill of Rights(1789): 10 amendments to the Constitutionfreedom of religion, freedom of speech and the press, the right of peaceful assembly and petition,the right to keep and bear arms, the right against unreasonable searches and seizures, the right against self-incrimination（自证其罪）-the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case.-a defense line against violations of human rights 政治体制见另一张 Territorial Expansion 领土扩张Washington as the First President 华盛顿执政期间April 6, 1789, Washington was elected as the First President by a unanimous vote in New York (provisional capital)1) success in transforming the states into a union 2) Economy witnessed development the first man in war, the first man in peace”Ways to Expand 四种领土扩张方式Purchase: Louisiana Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase, etcWar: Mexican War, Independence War, Spanish Cessions, etc.Annexation: Mexican Annexation, Hawaii Annexation, etc.Westward MovementJefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 杰斐逊执政期间-third US President in 1801 -emphasized development of agriculture and commerce -favored the westward expansion Louisiana Purchase, 1803其意义：1.doubled the territory of US and make possible further expansion 2.put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the US 1) stimulate the agricultural and industrial development of the Midwest 2)appearance of large cities as Chicago and Kansas Cities The Mexican War (1846-1848 ) 过程- America claimed Texas, used to be part of the great Spanish Colony, was included in the purchase of Louisiana.- In 1836, self-declaration of independence of Texas with many American Settlers from Mexico- 1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal treaty was forced on Mexico. Westward Movement 西进运动Expansion to the west (end of 18th- first half of 19th century) reason to move:1.small for increased population2.not satisfied with the present life3.American frontiersmen 拓荒者The most outstanding of all the westward migration took place after the war of 1812,there were many contributing factors:-the war 1812 drove the native Indians-the Federal government built roads and canals - The Mississippi River opened and steam boat was invented in 1807. - government policy: land for sale-the Homestead Act 宅地法 （1862 President Lincoln)Cities:San Francisco,Portland,DenverThe significance and importance西进运动的重要性和影响- Frontiersmens Influence Positive: on Politics：-Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and Grant Expanded territory and increased population laid the foundation for a global power.On Economicsfast development of agriculturefood surplus for tradecontribution to industrialization On transportation and urbanizationOn American character and value-dash and daring, ready to run risks and aggressive-learn many skills and self-reliance, self-discipline -farmers and hunters , poor lower class; so not pay attention to social background -hard work: work freaks, and work addicts-rough , pragmatic and less refined , honestNegative: Trail of Tears of Indians The beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴隶制起源Reason: labor shortage in the colonies Time: first in 1619 to plant tobacco Method: the triangular trade :carried out by the slave traders mainly from the New England by capturing Negros in west Africadevelopment and change: - declined after Independence War- revived when the American Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century.- By 1860, 3 million Negro slaves; 1/3 of the Southern population American Civil War 南北战争/美国内战Conflicts arising from Slavery Reasons：- Economically,north demanded the Congress to pass the protective tariff law -Politically,westward expansion: new land as free states or slave-holding states? -Religious and moral reason:slavery as inhuman and brutal Development of the conflict1) abolitionists: to end slavery-secret organization to help slaves escape-mobilize public support2) the publication of Uncle Toms Cabin (1852 Mrs. Stowe)（led to the outbreak of the American civil war一个小妇人的一部小书引起了一场战争）总结：Civil War爆发的原因：1.Political balance between the North and the South was broken2.Slavery inhibited the development of capitalism3.Some Christians opposed slavery for religious and moral reasons.Abraham Lincoln a Republican; anti -slavery On March 4, 1861 President LincolnFirm in preserving the UnionMilitary Contest in the Civil War 2 sides : the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) led by Davis and the Union led by Abraham Lincoln Attack On April 12, 1861 led by Fort Sumter, South CarolinaLincolns goal: to defend the Union and defeat separatism分离论North South advantages: advantages:-larger population -strong military tradition-loyal Navy -experienced military officers-factories for munition production -high morale-enough food supplydisadvantages: disadvantages:-poorly prepared -smaller population-inexperienced soldiers -not enough food supplyThe year 1863 was a turning point when the blockade stopped all foreign trade of the South.In July 1863, a great victory of the North in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.Emancipation Proclamation, effective on Jan. 1, 1863Lincolns Gettysburg Address: government of the people, by the people, for the people. 民有,民治,民享The Suffering of the South:men were killed, cities leveled to the ground, crops destroyedThe Union win the Final VictoryApril 2, 1865, Appomattox; Ulysses Grant (Union)vs. Robert Lee (Confederate)Effect of the Civil WarFinally put an end to slaverybut not really carried outKu Klux Klan (3K党)：secret organization to threaten the black people.Economic development:Henry Ford in 1908 Wright Brothers in 1903Telephone by Bill in 1876The lamp and motion picture by Thomas EdisonMonopolies 垄断公司The Standard Oil Company ,founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870The United States Steel Corporation by Andrew CarnegieThe Bell telephone system America in and after WWI一战中和一战后的美国America before WWI (1914-1918)in the West: Latin America and the Caribbean were the backyard of it. In the East, the US advocated the Open Door Policy to guarantee its trade access.Military Blocs：Triple Alliance / Central Powers： Allied Entente：Germany BritainAustria-Hungary FranceItaly（后加入Allied Entente） Russia America (1917) On April 6,1917,the United States declared war on GermanyReasons of America to Join WarGerman submarines sank American ships fear of Americans interests（huge loans made to Britain）Germany induced Mexico to war against AmericaAfter WWIPeace Conference in Paris in 1919the US president, Woodrow Wilson, put forward the Fourteen Points Plan, hoping to establish a new world order based on American values and ideals. Fourteen Points Plan unaccepted.The Americans shifted to isolationism.The Treaty of Versailles （American opposed to)The Roaring 20s(the jazz age)特点：Peaceful and prosperousthe jazz agematerial consumption spiritual frustrationIndustrial BoomBased on science and technologyMass production by assembly lines（car,movie,radio,chemical industries）Social Life: Womanhood as an Examplefirst wave of Feminist Movement for political and economic rightswomens vote right was granted with the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920New Woman Image: job, bobbed hair, short skirts, lavish cosmetics, smoking and beauty contestsAmerican Values Corrupted by MaterialismThe Prohibition Law in 1919Spiritual Frustration: the Lost Generationlost American writersdiscontent with the existing social reality, but they did not know what to do about it.eat, drink, and be happy for tomorrow we shall die The Great Depression 经济大萧条Mark标志: New York stock market crash on October 24, 1929 The bear market; “the black Thursday”Results：BankruptcyShortage of money/ povertySharply reduced industrial productionStricken agricultureUnemploymentHomelessness: Many people had to live in dug-outs or tin-can shacks which were nicknamed Hoovervilles, a word derived from the name of President Hoover. EmigrationFranklin Roosevelt: a light in the darkness 罗斯福介绍Roosevelt selected as president in 1932.Family background: rich family Education background: Harvard Uni.Health: polio at 40; cant walk normallyPresident Roosevelts “New Deal” 罗斯福新政-presented to Congress more than 70 bills for approval, known as “New Deal” 新政-1st: to pass the Emergency Banking Act -to enlarge employment and increase consumption-public projects: infrastructure-to raise the price of farm products etc.Roosevelts Fireside Chat 炉边谈话first chat on the radio to ask for confidence in the government and to return gold and money so as to reopen them.30 chats during the depression and the coming WWII.warmed, cheered, united people at that timeSignificance of New Deal 新政的重要性/影响-Roosevelt achieved some success in revitalizing American economy.-His New Deal strengthened the government regulation of economic activities and initiated the social welfare system in the United States. America in and after WW二战背景Background：The spread of Great Depression: Germany was the worst hit; led to Hitlers fascist expansion.Time：Sept. 1939Mark: Germanys invasion of Poland各国不同立场：-Russia-German nonaggression pact signed in Moscow in 1939-England and France: first, appeasement and nonintervention policy by Munich Agreement, by selling other lands for peace e.g. Sudetenland in Czech; later, declared war on Germany when German army drove into France.Changes of US Stance：- Neutrality from 1935-1937: 3 neutrality acts- Pro-Ally policy from 1939: sell arms and munitions to belligerents on a “cash-and-carry” basis.- Getting prepared for war from 1940 due to the dete