国际法基本原则的含义和特征.doc

Chapter 3 Fundamental Principles of International LawSection 1 Introduction 一、国际法基本原则的含义和特征国际法基本原则是指国际社会公认，具有普遍意义、适用于国际法各个领域并构成国际法基础的法律原则。国际法基本原则的特点：1.国际社会公认2.具有普遍意义3.适用于国际法各个领域4.构成国际法整个体系的法律基础二、国际法基本原则的发展1899、1907两次海牙会议第一次世界大战1945年联合国宪章三、国际法基本原则与强行法1969年维也纳条约法公约第一次使用了国际强行法概念。国际法基本原则与强行法既有共同点又有区别。Materials: Charter of the United NationsSection 2 The UN Charter Principles联合国宪章原则1. 1945年联合国宪章七原则2. 1970年原则宣言七项国际法基本原则一、各国主权平等原则1. The Principle of sovereign Equality of States All States enjoy sovereign equality. They have equal rights and duties and are equal members of the international community, notwithstanding differences of an economic, social, political or other nature. In particular, sovereign equality includes the following elements:(a) States are juridically equal;(b)Each State enjoys the rights inherent in full sovereignty;(c) Each State has the duty to respect the personality of other States;(d)The territorial integrity and political independence of the State are inviolable;(e)Each State has the right freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural systems;(f) Each State has the duty to comply fully and in good faith with its international obligations and to live in peace with other States.2. 1970年原则宣言的发展：第一、宪章是对会员国所提出，所以宪章的用语是“各会员国主权平等”。而1970年原则宣言的用语是“各国主权平等”。第二、联合国宪章提出了“主权平等原则”，但没有对该原则的核心内容进行界定。1970年原则宣言专门指出“主权平等”应包括的六要素，对各国主权平等原则的核心内容进行了界定。第三、1970年原则宣言所界定的主权平等原则注重了权利和义务的和谐统一。二、各民族平等及自决原则the Principle of Equal Rights and Self-determination of Peoples三、禁止非法使用武力原则the principle that States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, Or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the united nations.四、和平解决国际争端原则1.每一国应以和平方法解决其与其他国家之国际争端，避免危及国际和平、安全及正义。2.各国应以谈判、调查、调停、和解、公断、司法解决、区域机关或方法之利用或其所选择其他种和平方法寻求国际争端之早日公正及公平之解决。3.国际争端各当事国及其他国家应避免从事足以使情势恶化致危及国际和平与安全之维持之任何行动，并应依照联合国之宗旨与原则而行动。4. 国际争端应根据主权平等之基础并依照自由选择方法之原则解决之。五、不干涉任何国家国内管辖事件原则the principle concerning the duty not to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the Charter.六、依照宪章进行国际合作原则the duty of States to co-operate with one another in accordance with the Charter1. States have the duty to co-operate with one another, irrespective of the differences in their political, economic and social systems, in the various spheres of international relations, in order to maintain international peace and security and to promote international economic stability and progress, the general welfare of nations and international co-operation free from discrimination based on such differences.2. 1970年原则宣言的发展：第一、宪章是对会员国所提出，所以宪章的用语是“本组织及其会员国”。而1970年原则宣言还提出了适用于国际社会的所有国家和每一个国家的国际合作的原则和规则。第二、联合国宪章提出了国际合作的宗旨和具体规定，1970年原则宣言将宪章的要求进一步明确化和系统化，扩大了各国国际合作的范围，提出了各国有义务在国际关系各方面进行无歧视合作的要求。该宣言还明确规定各国在合作方面应遵循的国际法原则，有利于各国依国际法有效进行国际合作。第三、1970年原则宣言专门提到应特别关注发展中国家的经济增长问题。七、诚意履行宪章所负义务原则 the principle that States shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the Charter.1.每一国均有责任一秉诚意履行其依联合国宪章所负之义务。2.每一国均有责任一秉诚意履行其依公认之国际法原则与规则所负之义务。3. 每一国均有责任一秉诚意履行其依公认之国际法原则与规则系属有效之国际协定下所负之义务。4. 遇依国际协定产生之义务与联合国宪章规定联合国会员国义务发生抵触时，宪章规定之义务应居优先。Section 3 Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence 和平共处五项原则的内容是：互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处。Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each others internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence)一、 互相尊重主权和领土完整mutual respect fo