小学9年级英语语法要点.doc

副词副词的分类 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。1、表频率的副词常见的频率副词有：always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它们一般在系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，行为动词之前.He always goes to school on foot. She has never been to Beijing. She is often late for work.2、表示方式的副词与方式相关的副词，这类词通常由形容词+ly转化而来。如safely,quietly,quickly，politely loudly， luckily ，happily ，easily ，carefully ， slowly ， suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early等。此类副词位于动词之后，如果是及物动词一般位于宾语之后。The children are dancing happily. They work hard.The students did their homework carefully.3程度副词与程度相关的副词有：very , much , only, quite , as, too, toofor, tooto do, well, almost, even, a little , enough , rather, a lot , so,such , badly, nearly , further , really , widely , hardly , a bit等。它们一般位于被修饰的词前面，但enough要放在被修饰的词后面。I can hardly know her name.The cake is so deliciousHe was badly hurt .He worked hard enough.4 表时间、地点、方向的副词（1）与时间相关的副词有: ago ,already, before, early, long, late, just, now, once, soon,since, today, tomorrow ,tonight ,yesterday, yet等。它们通常位于句末，有些也可位于句中如：already等。Theyll come back soon. He lived here ten years ago .They have finished the work already.=They have already finished the work.（2）与地点、方向相关的副词经常位于动词之后与动词搭配构成短语动词。outside, inside , upstair ,here ,there ,home, near, come back , turn left , go out5疑问副词和关系副词（1）常用的疑问副词：when,where ,why ,how,how old, how long, how soon, how often, how far等以及perhaps,maybe,instead等,通常用于句首。Maybe/Perhaps he is at home. How did you go there ?When was he born ? How often do you see a movie ?How soon will your father come back?（2） 关系副词主要有四个,即when, where, why，how等。关系副词常用来引导从句。1. 副词的位置和排序（一）、副词的位置： 1） 在动词之前。 2） 在be动词、助动词之后。 3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾，如：He speaks English well. （二）、副词的排列顺序： 1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。 2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。 注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。 改错：(错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much. 注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 副词的用法1).作状语修饰动词，位于动词后。He walked quietly into his bedroom. It is raining hard .2).作状语修饰形容词，位于形容词前。You have a very nice watch. The machine is too heavy.3).作状语修饰另一副词，位于另一副词前。有时候也修饰整个句子You walked too slowly,I couldnt wait for you. Unfortunately ，he was out.4).作表语，位于系动词之后。How long will she be away? Is your mother in ?5).作宾语补足语，位于宾语之后。Ask him in . I saw him out .6).作定语，位于名词后。the girl here the boy over there the man upstairs on ones way home副词的比较等级1、副词比较等级的构成（1）副词的比较等级与形容词相似，也有比较级和最高级。（2）绝大多数的副词比较级和最高级都是在其前面加上more和most构成的，有少数单音节和个别双音节的副词是在末尾加er , est 构成。slowly- more slowly- most slowly carefully-more carefully most carefully fast-faster-fastest （3）还有一些副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的。例如：well-better-best badly-worse-worst far-farther/further-farthest/furthestmuch more-most little-less-least little-less-least2、副词比较等级的用法（1）副词的同级比较用 (not)as+副词原级+as .Jim did the work as well as Lilei. I cant run as fast as you .（2）两者之间进行比较常与than连用。He speaks English better than you . Tom works harder than Jim .(3)表示三者、三者以上之间的比较用副词最高级，用不用定冠词the皆可，通常有一个表示范围的短语。例如：The boy writes most carefully of the four. Jim did worst in the exam in his class yesterday.一、 兼有两种形式的副词1) close与closelyclose意思是近； closely 意思是仔细地He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与latelylate意思是晚； lately 意思是最近You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep与deeplydeep意思是深，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于muchThe plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是广泛地，在许多地方He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free与freelyfree的意思是免费；freely 的意思是无限制地You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.易混点清单一、how long,how often,how soon，how far的用法区别1. how long“多长”，询问动作在时间上所持续的长度。其答语部分或划线部分可能是：1）“for + 时间段”，有时可能没有介词for。如：-How long did he wait for you here？- For two hours. It took him 20 minutes to finish his homework. (对话线部分提问)How long did it take him to finish his homework?2）“since + 具体时间”，“since + 时间段 + ago”或者“since + 从句”。如：-How long are you feeling like this? -Since last night.3）表示时间的betweenand,fromto等介词短语。如：They were playing football from 9:00 to 10:00 yesterday. (对话线部分提问)How long were they playing football yesterday?另外，how long也可以询问某事物的具体长度。如：-How long is the desk？ -1.2 meters. 1.2米。2. how soon“多久，多快”，询问动作在将来要经过多长时间才会发生。其答语部分或划线部分可能是：in + 时间段。如：Hes going to Zhengzhou in two days. (对话线部分提问)How soon is he going to Zhengzhou？3. how far“多远”，询问路程、距离。如：How far is it from here to school? 4.how often 指每隔多久，主要用来对频度副词或状语(如：once a week, three times a month 等)提问。如A：How often does he come here? B：Once a month. A：How often do you visit your mother? B：Once a week.二、hard和hardly的区别(一)、hard可用作形容词或副词：1. 当hard用作形容词时，意为“困难的、坚固的、努力的”等。例如：Its hard for old people to change their ways. Steel is harder than wood. 2. 当hard用作副词时，意为“努力的、困难的、猛烈地”等。例如：Does Tom work hard at his lessons? Its raining hard outside now. Dont go out. (二)、hardly只能用作副词，意为“几乎没有、几乎不”。例如：I can hardly see anything on the blackboard. My father hardly ever watches TV. 3、 much too和too much区别（一）(too) much 中心词是much1相当于形容词，意为“more than enough”，用在不可数名词前面作定语或在系动词后面作表语。如： Americans eat too much meat in my opinionI drank too much cola last nightThe work is too much for her Shes afraid the trip will be too much for me2相当于名词，在句子中作主语或宾语。如： Too much was happening all at onceYou have given me too much 3相当于副词，在句子中作状语。如：You work too muchShe talks too much（二）(much) too 中心词为toomuch too的用法比较简单，只用作副词作状语，但它不单独使用，在句子中要修饰形容词或副词，但不修饰动词。如： You are much too kind to meIts much too coldYou are driving much too fast【练习】1.we should not eat junk food .A.too much B.much too C.too many D.much too (A)2. its _ hot in august in Nanjing . 3. A .many too B . much too C . very too D .to much (B)4. We dont have _ time to work every year. 5. A much too B so many C too much D too many (C)四、also ,too, as well ,either, neither 意思 区别1)also表示也是比较正式的用词, too 是普通用词,口语中用的多,使用时应注意: also 一般用于句子中,其位置在行为动词之前,动词to be之后。如有助动词或情态动词，一般应在助动词或情态动词后，为了强调，也可放在前面。例如： I also went. You are also wrong. too常置于句末，前面可用逗号，如置于句中，其前后均有逗号。例如 He is a singer ,too. He,too,is a singer. 注意: also,too只能用于肯定句。 2) either neithereither 表示“也”，只能用在否定句中，必须放在句末。例如： He didnt go there. I didnt either. neither表示两者都不。 In neither case can I agree. Neither of them wants to stop for a rest 3) as well as 作并列连词相当于not onlybut also和no lessthan，但not onlybut also侧重在后项，as well as 和no lessthan 侧重在前项。例如： We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side or things. A true man should be practical as well as far-sighted. 在否定句中，as well as 的位置不同，句意往往有很大差别。比较下面的句子： He, as well as she, will not come. He will not come as well as she.（否定前者，肯定后者） Henry, as well as his brother, doesnt work hard. Henry doesnt work hard as well as him brother.as well as 连接的应是平等成分，都作主语或都作宾语等。例如： She was there as well as me. （误） She was there as well as I .（正）五、already、yet、still的区别1）already是已经,用在肯定句中,用在完成时中比较多,比如Ive already been to London.2）yet是还用于否定句,如I havent gone there yet.此外yet还有但是的意思,有时可以和but互换,比如The authorities claim that the situation in the area has been under control, yet the fact is not the case.(当局声称此地区局势已得到控制,但事实并不是那么回事.)3） still是仍然,如He should have been killed in the accident, but he is still alive.(他本应在事故中丧生,但他活着.)六、ago和before的区别1.ago表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”，意思是“距今以前”，需和过去时或过去进行时连用。before泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”，意思是 “距过去某时以前”“与其（毋宁）”，常和完成时连用，尤其在间接引语中，如： His parents died ten years agoHe said that his parents had died ten years before I have never been there beforeI visited him three days ago, but he had gone to Shanghai a week before2.如果不具体表明多少时间以前，只用before不用ago，意为“从前、以前”。before仍以副词的形式置于被修饰语后，常与完成时候过去时连用。如： Have you seen this film before? He asked me whether I had been to the Great Wall before 3.表示在某一点时间或事件以前时，只用before不用ago，这种用法是将before当作介词或连词使用。ago不具有这一功能。如： They will come back before six oclock It is hoped that this will be finished before the year 1995另外，before在句中的含义较多。不少句子中，before虽然引导的也是一个时间状语，但是译成汉语时却不必译为“在以前”。 a.如果before引导的从句动作发生得晚或慢，可译成“才”。这是主句主语或是名词、代词，或用it作形式主语 He had almost knocked me down before he saw meIt will be hours before he arrives You must sow before you can reapb.如果强调从句动作发生之前，主句动作已发生，可译成“未就”或“还没有就”。 Before I could get in a word he had measured meLu Ban built nine pavilions, but before he could finish the tenth, he heard a cock crowingc.有些句子中的before可译为“先然后”、“先再”。 Dont count the chickens before they are hatched 不要乐观得太早。 Be pupil before you become a teacher先做学生，再做先生。 有些句中的before还可译为“在内”、“趁”、“没”。 They arrived before I expectedStudy hard before it is too lateI had better go now before it is too late . I will be through this book before three days have passedbefore sbknew it 一类习惯说法，常译为“不知不觉就”、“还没弄清就”、“不知怎么地就”，如Time passed quickly and three months went by before Aqiao knew itHe fell from the tree before he knew it 4.加强语气，表示“早已”的意思或使叙述显得更生动，ago也可以用于完成时。如： I had thought that he had died at least twenty years agoIn fact, I have long time ago known the secret5.在表示对过去事情猜测的“情态动词have过去分词”或“动词的非谓语形式have过去分词”的结构中，ago也可以和完成时连用。如： The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years agoThe incident must taken place years agoYou can not have met him a moment agoHe may have left an hour agoHaving read the article a week ago, I know it very well典型例题（一）单项选择时间副词的用法-主要是用于确定句子时态。1. -There is something wrong with your computer. -Dont worry. I _ to repair it tomorrow. A. will come B. came C. come D. have come程度副词修饰比较级2.-Why dont you like winter in Beijing? -Because it is _ winter in Guangzhou.A. as cold as B. much colder than C. not so cold as D. not cold than 定语从句关系副词3.I still remember the park _ we first met.A. that B. which C. where D. when程度副词修饰比较级4. The actress is already 50, but she looks_ than she really is. A. young B. more young C. more younger D. much younger （二）完成句子注意：sothat/tooto/enough 句型比较常考。副词在感叹句中的运用比较常考。1. 为了听早间新闻，怀特先生经常很早起床 Mr. White often gets up early _ _ he can catch the early bus.2.迈克还没决定在哪里买房。Mike hasnt decided _ _ _ a new house yet.3. 如果你晚上早些睡，早上就不会感觉疲惫。 If you go to bed early at night, you wont_ _in the morning.4.时间过得真快呀！ _ _ the time passed!形容词和副词的比较级和最高级一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法如下(1) 符合规则的：情 况加 法例 词一 般 情 况直接加 -er ; -estall-taller-tallest以e结尾的词加 r ; -stnice-nicer-nicest以“辅音+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-er ; -estdry-drier-driestheavy-heavier-heaviest以一个辅音字母结尾的词辅音字母双写，再加-er ; -estthin-thinner-thinnest多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加 more ; mostmore deliciousmost delicious(2)几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表：原 级比较级最高级good , wellbetterbestbad , illworseworstmany , muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther / furtherfarthest / furthest二形容词和副词比较级的用法级别比较程度表达方式和意义例 句备 注原级同等程度肯定形式As+原级+as(像一样)Art is as interesting as music.Play as well as you can.否定形式not + so (as) +原级+as(不如那样)English is not so difficult as science.She does not study so well as I do. 比较级不同程度（用于两者比较）比较级+than(比)Jim is older than Luky.I like pork better than beef.比较级前面可以加much, far, even, still,a lot, a little, a bit等程度加深比较级+and+比较级（越来越）The + 比较级，the + 比较级（越, 越）He is growing taller and taller.He studies better and better.The more books she reads, the better she understand.最高级最高程度（用于三者或三者以上）The +最高级+of (in)(最)Spring is the best season of the year.Lin Tao jumped (the) farthest of all.副词最高级前面的the 往往省略注意：有些形容词，如 dead, empty, round, sure, woolen 等受本身含义的限制，没有比较级。例题解析1. He is _ friends than I.A. much more B. many more C. very more D. too more解析： 后面有可数名词复数时， many的比较级形式为many more 修饰。 应选B.2. Which is the _ country, Japan or Australia? A. more developed B. more developing C. most developed D. most developing解析： 两者比较用比较级， 表示发达用 developed, 而developing 是 发展中的 意思3There were _ shops in the city in 1982 than in 1990.A. little B. few C. fewer D. less解析：little 不能修饰可数名词，两者比较需用比较级， 所以应选C.4. If you are not free today, come another day _. A. too B. so C. instead D. yet解析：instead 作副词用时意为代替，顶替， 表示前面的事情没做， 而是做了后面的事。Instead一般位于句首。应选C.5He cant tell us _, I think. A. important anythingB. anything important C. important something D. something important. 解析：不定代词与形容词联用需后置，否定句中应该用anything而不是something. 因此应选B6. The Huang River is the second _ river in our country. A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest 解析：定冠词the+ 序数词 + 形容词最高级 表示第几大 应选C.7. The light in the office wasnt _for him to read. A. enough bright B. bright enough C. brightly D. enough brightly 解析：enough修饰名词时可前可后， 修饰形容词或副词时， 要后置。应选B.8. There was an accident at the corner. _, the girl wasnt _hurt. A. luckily, badly B. luck, hardly C. Lucky, heavily D. Lucky, strongly 解析：第一空修饰全句需用副词，第二空修饰形容词hurt也要用副词， 因此选A.9. You must keep your eyes _ when you do eye exercises. A. close B. open C. closed D., opened 解析: 此处需用形容词做宾语补足语。 应选C.10. Five days has passed , but I havent finished half of the work. _, A. already B. still C. too D. yet解析：already 与 yet 都可用于现在完成时态。Already常用于肯定句， 而yet 常用与否定句。应选D.三形容词副词比较级最高级的其他用法（1）和冠词连用the 形容词原级v(复)，指一类人或物the 形容词比较级，指两者中“较的”的那一个，eg. the younger of the two a/ an 形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one. ( a) most形容词最高级“非常”eg. a most beautiful city( 2 ) 相关结构1) 原级比较：肯定句 as.as., 否定句not so / as.as.2) 比较句： 比较级 than.或more (less) .than.The furniture in this shop is less beautiful than that in that shop.(注意代词that的用法)3) 比较级 and比较级 或 more and more比较级 “越来越 ”richer and richer, more and more interesting4) The more., the more.“越， 越”The more you look at the picture, the better you will like it. 5) 比较级than any other n. （单） （适用于范围一致时） (all) other n.（复） any n.(单) （适用于范围不一致时） He is taller than any other student / all other students in his class. any student in my class.6) 倍数表达法。A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.The new building is four times the size (the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。 Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。7) morethan结构，其意往往是rather than，可译为“是而不是”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是，不如说是”。That little girl is more tired than hungry. 那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。 She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife.她是贤妻，更是良母。8) A is to B what C is to D A和B的关系就像C和D的关系 Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气 对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。9) no more than= only “只不过”，言其少not more than=at most “不多于”，“至少”，指事实。 no more than 和一样不 如单音节使用比较级形式 not morethan 不比更no less than= as much as “多达” no fewer than= as many as例：I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱只不过5元。 I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。 He is no richer than I.他和我一样穷。He is no less determined than you. 他的决心不亚于你。(no less determined than等于“其决心不亚于你”，言其大) He is not less determined than you. 他的决心不比你小。(not less determined than等于“其决心不小于”，无言其大或小的含义) 10) 最高级of/ in/ among. He is the tallest of the three/ among them/ in is class.四相关词语辨析1.very 和much A）very修饰形容词、副词的原级；much修饰比较级；修饰动词用much或very much ,eg. I very like English.(),因改为：I like English very much.B) 表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child .一般的情况下，以-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：We were greatly /much shocked by the news about Tom. C) 已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。 如：very interesting / worrying / exciting D）too前用much/ far ,不用very。 You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。 Weve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups. E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much. eg: be well worth doing, be well above the tree2. so和suchA)so that 与such that 的区别。so + 形容词 / 副词 + that so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that 注意： 但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they cant dress t hemselves.下列so的用法是错误的： so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather。B) some/ any/ every/ no/ each/ all/ another/ several/ few/ many/ one/ two +such+n. eg. no such word3. be too much + n. be much too+ adj. be too much for sb. 对太过分了4. cant be too +adj.= cant be +adj.+ enough “无论都不为过” You can never be careful enoug