大学综合英语词汇复习2.docx

Unit 111. preach: v. deliver a religious speeche.g. Christ preached to large crowds. The priest preached a sermon on the need for charity.Derivation: preacher: n.Collocation: preach at/to/about: to offer unwanted advice on matters of right and wrong.Christ preached that we should love each other. My sister has been preaching at me again about my untidy habits.2. escort v. go with and protect sb.e.g. The queen was escorted by the directors as she toured the factory. The police escorted her to the airport.Collocation: escort sb. (to sth.)May I escort you to the ball? 我可以陪你去参加舞会吗？The drunken man was escorted firmly to the door.强制送出Sentences1. I was saved from sin (Para 1)Explanation: The word sin, with an exclusively religious connotation, refers to any offence against God or a religious law. However, the word crime refers to an act committed in violation of a law prohibiting it.Paraphrase: I was rescued from sin 2. To bring the young lambs to the fold (Para 1)Explanation: According to Christianity, Jesus is the Lamb of God, any Christian is a lamb, and the preacher is a shepherd. In the text, the young of lambs refers to children. “Fold” literally means an enclosure for sheep. Here it means a group of people who are Christians. So “to bring the young lambs to the fold” means to bring the children into the Christian community.Paraphrase: to bring the children to the Christ and into the membership of churchTranslation: 将幼小的羔羊领回羊群（让儿童加入教会）3. rhythmical: adj. having a regular repeated pattern of weak and strong stressese.g. The rhythmical sound of the train sent him to sleep. He could hear the rhythmical beating of his heart.Derivation: rhythm: n.4. moan: n. a soft low sound of pain or grief; a complaint, expressed in a suffering discontented voicee.g. From time to time there was a moan of pain from the sick man. We had a good moan about the weather.Derivations: moaner: n. moan: v.Collocation: moan about: complain annoyinglyShes always moaning that she has too much work to do.The sick child moaned a little, and then fell asleep. 呻吟5. leave out: v. phr. 1) pay no attention to sb.e.g. No one speaks to him; hes always left out.2) fail to includee.g. This word is wrongly spelt; youve left out a letter. Dont leave me out when youre giving out the invitations!Collocations: leave over: postpone sth. leave off: stop sth./doing sth. leave behind: fail or forget to bring or take sb./sth.Leave me out of this quarrel, please I dont want to get involved. You have left out the most important word in this sentence.漏掉 leave over leave off leave behind 1) It wont rain: you can leave your umbrella behind.2) Hasnt the rain left off yet?3) These matters will have to be left over until the next meeting. 4) I wish youd leave off whistling like that. 6. hold out:1) stretch out e.g. He held out his hand to Mary.2) offer e.g. These plans hold out the prospect of new jobs for the area. Science may hold out the prospect of feeding the hungry.3) last; remain: How much longer can our supplies hold out?The town was surrounded but the people held out until help came.Collections: hold on: wait or stop hold back: make something stay in place; prevent from moving, esp. in spite of pressure hold down: control the freedom of sb.; oppress sb. hold off: (of rain, a storm, etc.) not occur; be delayedWe can stay here for as long as our supplies hold out.我们的供应品能维持多久，我们就能在这里呆多久。 Doctors hold out little hope of her recovering.hold out hold back hold down hold off 1) The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters. 2) The rain held off just long enough for us to have our picnic. 3) We can stay here for as long as our supplies hold out. 4) The people are held down by a vicious and repressive military regime. 5) The forthcoming talks hold out the hope of real arms reductions.1. The preacher preached a wonderful rhythmical sermon, all moans and shouts and lonely cries and dire pictures of hell, and then he sang a song about the ninety and safe in the fold, but one little lamb was left out in the cold. (Para 3) Paraphrase: The preacher gave an excellent moralistic rebuke, describing the terrible image of hell, and then he sang a religious song about little lamb. 2. And some of them jumped up and went to Jesus right away. (Paragraph 3)Paraphrase: Some of the people jumped up and went towards Jesus immediately. 3. And the church sang a song about the lower lights are burning, some poor sinners to be saved. (Paragraph 4)Explanation: Here “the lower lights are burning, some poor sinners to be saved.” are the words in the song. “The church” means “all the people in the church.”4. Finally all the young people had gone to the altar and were saved, but one boy and me. (Para 6)Explanation: Here “one” is used instead of “a” to emphasize that there was only one boy left on the mourners bench beside me.7. swirl: v. move round and round quicklye.g. The water swirled about his feet. The leaves were swirled away on the wind.Derivation: swirl: nSmoke swirled up the chimney. 袅袅上升The log was swirled away downstream by the current.8. mighty: adj. very great in force e.g. He raised the hammer and struck the rock a mighty blow. She gave him a mighty thump.Derivation: might: n.Idioms: high and mighty: arrogant; haughtythe pen is mightier than the sword: poets, thinker, etc., affect human affairs more than soldiers do9. wail: v. cry or complain in a loud (usu. shrill) voice e.g. The sick child was wailing miserably.There is no use wailing about/over mistakes made in the past.Collocation: wail about/over sth.: cry or complain about sth. in a loud (usu. shrill) voice You can hear the wind wailing in the chimney. Stop weeping and wailing and do something about it!Comparison: wail&sob sob: draw in breath noisily and irregularly from sorrow, pain, etc., esp. while crying 10. serenely: adv. calmly and peacefullye.g. She smiled serenely and said nothing.She just says what she thinks, serenely indifferent to whether it may offend people.Derivations: serene: adj. serenity: nSynonyms: peacefully; tranquilly11. sob: v. to cry while making short bursts of sound as one breathes in, because of sadness or feare.g. A little girl was sitting sobbing in the corner. She sobbed into her handkerchief.Derivation: sobbing: adj sob: n.Synonyms: cry; wailCollocation: sob sth. out: tell sth. while sobbingIdioms: sob oneself to sleep: sob until one falls asleepsob ones heart out: cry bitterly with great emotion12. swing: v. move backwards and forwardse.g. He walked briskly along the path, swinging his rolled-up umbrella. The sign was swinging in the wind.swing around/round: turn suddenly to face the opposite wayswing (sb.) (from sth.) to sth.: (cause sb. to) change suddenly from one opinion or mood, etc. to anotherIdioms: swing into action: act swiftlyswing the lead: (try to) avoid work or a duty, usually by pretending to be illHe swung round to confront his accusers. 转过身来He swings from wild optimism to total despair.13. grin v. smile broadlye.g. The children grinned with pleasure when I gave them the sweets. He grinned at me, as if sharing a secret joke.Synonym: smilegrin at sb.: smile broadly, so as to show the teeth, expressing amusement, foolish satisfaction, etc.grin from ear to ear: smile very broadlyIdiom: grin and bear it: endure pain, disappointment, etc. without complaining14. rejoice: v. show great joye.g. She rejoiced in meeting the challenge of her new job.I rejoiced to see that she had made such a quick recovery.Derivation: rejoicing: n.Collocations: rejoice at/over sth.: feel or show great joy rejoice in sth.: have or glory in (a title, etc)I rejoice to hear that you are well again. We rejoiced that the war was over.15. ecstatic: adj. showing great joye.g. I wasnt exactly ecstatic about being woken up at two oclock in the morning. The new president was greeted by an ecstatic crowd.Derivation: ecstasy: n.She was absolutely ecstatic when I told her the news.He was ecstatic at the news of his daughters birth.欣喜若狂16. deceive: vt. to make someone believe something not truee.g. He had been deceived by a young man claiming to be the son of a millionaire.Collocations: deceive sb. into doing sth. e.g. He tried to deceive the public into thinking the war could still be won. deceive sb. about sth.I wouldnt deceive you about anything as important as this.Phrase: deceive oneself e.g. I thought she loved me, but I was deceiving myself.Synonym: trickDerivations: deception: n. deceptive: adj.1. rock with = move slowly and regularly in harmony with 与一同晃动e.g. Lets rock with the music. The moment when the new year bell rang, the whole house rocked with hails. 2. take sbs name in vain=call ones name in an unfriendly way 轻蔑地（滥用）叫某人名字e.g. Never take the name of God in vain. He always takes her name in vain.3. hold up= delay 拖延We had planned to finish the match before dark, but the heavy rain held us up. The constructing of the new bridge was help up by the heavy fog.3. break into =burst into, get in violently 爆发,，闯入On hearing the news, he broke into laughter. They broke into the office and kidnapped the manager.2. Word comparison 1.membership: the state of being a member of an organization e.g. He is excluded from membership of the society.member: a person, animal or thing which is part of a group e.g. The lion is a member of the cat family.number: a word or sign that represents an amount or a quantity e.g. Five was her lucky number.quantity: an amount that you can measure or count e.g. Cheap goods are available, but not in sufficient quantities to satisfy demand.2. accompany: if one thing accompanies another, it happens or exists at the same time, or as a result of it e.g. Lightning usually accompanies thunder.escort: to go with someone or a vehicle especially to make certain that they arrive safely or that they leave a place e.g. Several little boats escorted the sailing ship into the harbour.attend: to go to an event such as a meeting or a class e.g. Please let us know if you are unable to attend.convoy: to travel with a vehicle or a group of people to make certain that they arrive safely e.g. Two tanks convoyed the trucks across the border.3. calm: a calm person does not show or feel any worry, anger, or excitement e.g. Tom is usually a calm man.serene: peaceful and calm, worried by nothinge.g. She has a lovely serene face.still: quiet and calm e.g. The castle was completely still .quiet: someone or something that is quiet makes only a small amount of noise e.g. The airlines have invested enormous sums in new, quieter aircraft.4. cry: to produce tears as the result of a strong emotion, such as unhappiness or pain e.g. I could hear someone crying in the next room.weep: to cry, especially because you feel very sad e.g. The little baby broke down and wept.wail: if someone wails, they make long, loud, high-pitched cries which express sorrow or pain e.g. The women began to wail in mourning.shout: to express strong emotions, such as anger, fear or excitement, or to express strong opinions, in a loud voicee.g. He shouted at me when I broke the window.5. revolve: if one object revolves around another object, the first object turns in a circle around the second object e.g. The satellite revolves around the Earth once every hundred minutes.swirl: to move quickly with a twisting circular movement e.g. Swirl a little oil around the flying pan.roll: to move somewhere by turning over and over or from side to side e.g. The dog rolled over onto its back.swing: to make regular movements forwards and backwards or from one side to another while hanging from a particular point, or to make something do this e.g. Let your arms swing as you walk.6. take place: to happen, especially in a controlled or organized way e.g. The concert takes place next Monday.happen: when something happens, there is an event, especially one that is not planned e.g. It is impossible to predict what will happen next.be present: in a particular place e.g. The whole family was e: if a time or an event comes, it arrives or happens e.g. At last the day came for us to set off.7. rise: when you rise, you stand up e.g. Amy rose slowly from the chair.raise: to lift something to a higher position e.g. He raised the window and leaned out.climb: to move up, down, or across something using your feet and hands, especially when this is difficult to do so e.g. Tony climbed the stairs.mount: if you mount the stairs or a platform, you go up the stairs or go up onto the platform e.g. He mounted the platform and began to speak to the crowd.8. happy: someone who is happy has feelings of pleasure, usually because something nice has happened or because they feel satisfied with their lives e.g. Alice is a confident and happy baby.joyous: full of joy; very happy e.g. The poem is a joyous affirmation of the power of love.ecstatic: feeling extremely happy and excited e.g. My daughters birth was ecstatic.contented: happy and satisfied e.g. She smiled a contented smile.1. The murderer wiped the gun in case his fingerprints should betray him. (give)Tip：give v. offer, provide 给e.g. Thank you for giving me trust.give away: disclosure 泄露；make a gift of 赠送e.g. He doesnt want to give away his secret to you. He gave away his books to his students.Key: The murderer wiped the gun in case his fingerprints should give him away.2. Its going to be awfully expensive. (cost)Tip: cost v. be priced at 花费e.g. The fancy car cost him a fortune. Key: Its going to cost an awful lot.3. Who is responsible for all this mess? (blame)Tip：blame v. criticize 责备e.g. The child was blamed for smashing the bottle. Who is to blame for the potential danger?Key: Who is to blame for all this mess?4. Unlike you, I dont have to retire when Im sixty. (difference) difference n. variation, distinction 区别e.g. The differences between the twins are to be found by no one in the class. Key: The difference between us is that I dont have to retire when Im sixty.5. Whats your preference for tonight, the theatre or the cinema? (rather)Tip: rather adv. to some extent 相当地e.g. I would rather fail than cheat in the interview. Pork is rather cheap now.Key: Where would you rather go tonight, the theatre or the cinema?6. It would not be a waste of time to look at that house again.(worth)Tip: worth adj. having a specific value 值得e.g. The mission is worth a lot of effort.Key: That house is worth looking at again.7. Im not going to punish you this time. (let)Tip: let v. allow 让，允许e.g. The teacher let the kids go home early yesterday.let off set free 允许（离开）e.g. We were let off school today because of the flood.Key: I m going to let you off this time.8. Christina inherited a large fortune on her fathers death. (come)Tip: come v. move toward 来e.g. Spring festival is e into acquire 获得，得到e.g. He came into a big fortune when his aunt died.Key: Christina came into a large fortune on her fathers death.1. 听众不时以掌声打断总统候选人的讲话。(punctuate) Explanation：If something is punctuated by another one, it is interrupted at intervals. Translation: The presidential candidates speech was often punctuated now and then by outbursts of applause from the audience. 你应用正确的标点将整段文章点开，以使意思更明了。You should punctuate the whole passage with correct marks in order to make its meaning clear. 老太太的话不时被外面的吵闹声所打断。The old ladys word is punctuated by noise from outside. 2. 乐队突飞猛进地发展，已经开始接受真正的演出了。（by leaps and bounds）If sth./sb. moves by leaps and bounds, it moves very rapidly.The band improved by leaps and bounds and started getting serious offers of work. 你的琴技在最近突飞猛进，能与我们分享一下这方面的经验吗？Your skills of playing the piano have made progress by leaps and bounds recently. Could you share your experience with us how to achieve that? 在城里其他地区，工商业正在突飞猛进地发展。In the rest of the city industry and commerce grew by leaps and bounds. 该公司持续飞速的发展并在六十年代首创真空包装，延长了咖啡保质期。The firm continued expanding by leaps and bounds, and introduced the first vacuum-packed coffee with a long shelf life in the sixties. 3. 胜利的喜讯传来，全国上下欢欣鼓舞。（rejoicing）Explanation： If you are rejoicing, you have the feeling or the expression of joy. Translation: As soon as the news of victory came, there was great rejoicing all over the country. 农民对这决定感到兴高采烈，自愿参加这项工程。Rejoicing over the decision, the peasants rushed to volunteer for the work.能有这样的好收成，我们怎能不高兴？How can we help rejoicing over such a good harvest! 4. 这条新马路的修建因为天气恶劣而受阻了。(hold up) Explanation：Hold up here means delay.Translation: The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather. 在中国，“半边天”成为全社会对妇女作用最形象的赞誉。In China, the expression women hold up half the sky has become the most vivid expression the entire society uses to praise the role played by women. 平日，他觉得自己是头顶着天，脚踩着地，无牵无挂的一条好汉。 Usually he felt proud of being a stout fellow with his feet on the ground, able to hold up the sky, free as the wind with no ties to anyone. Unit 12 1. bias: 1) n. an opinion or feeling that strongly favors one side in an argument or an item in a group or series; predisposition; prejudicee.g. This university has a bias towards the sciences.Students were evaluated without bias.2) vt. to unfairly influence attitudes, choices, or decisionse.g. Several factors could have biased the results of the study.Collocation: bias against/towards/in favor ofe.g. Its clear that the company has a bias against women and minorities.gender bias: sex p