定语、状语从句省略.docx

定语从句省略1. 关系词充当从句的宾语的时候，可以直接省略，而从句不发生任何形式的改变。This is the right book that you are looking for. = This is the right book you are looking for. 2. 关系词充当从句的主语时，如果谓语结构为实词，将关系代词进行省略，而从句中的实词要发生形式的改变。如果原本从句是一个主动语态，可以将动词直接变成ing形式。如果原本谓语动词是一个被动语态，可以直接保留过去分词。如Fruit that contains VC can relieve a cold.=Fruit containing VC can relieve a cold.3. 如果谓语结构为be+名词，这时，可以将be动词同时省略，将后面的名词和前面从句所修饰的名词构成同位语结构。如I know Lucy who is the leader of the team.= I know Lucy, the leader of the team.4. 3.先行词为the way, 后面的关系代词可以是that, in which或者是不加任何关系代词。如：I like the way you talk. 5. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who6. （1）which用于下列情况：( I )如果引导的是非限定性定语从句; （II）关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前; （III）先行词本身是that等。（2）that用于下列情况：( I ) 先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词；（II）先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等词修饰；（III）先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；（IV）先行词被the only, the very(正是、恰是),the last修饰；（V）先行词中既有人也有物；（VI）在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句等。另外需要注意：先行词是the way，并在定语从句充当状语时，关系代词用that或省略，若用which,其前加介词in。疑问：This was the house in which they lived last year.是否存在这种方式并正确This was the house that they lived in last year.7.当关系词在从句中充当主语时，可以省略，后面的动词发生形式变化主动语态时，动词变成-ING形式被动语态时，动词保留过去分词形式I know the girl who comes from BJ.I often like reading short novels which were written by Hemingway.I often like reading short novels written by Hemingway.I raise a dog which is named KING.* I raise a dog named KING.I believe the candidate who made the speech in the assembly yesterday is sure to win the support.*I believe the candidate making the speech in the assembly yesterday is sure to win the support.I know the boy who was praised by the teacher.The book which is related to the development has been published recently.They lived in a house facing the south.= They lived in a house which faced the south.The workers working in the factory are well-paid.= The workers who work in the factory are well-paid.= The workers who are working in the factory are well-paid.The tie worn by our head was made in Shanghai.= The tie which is worn by our head was made in Shanghai.The book written by Wang sells well.= The book which was written by Wang sells well. 状语从句省略1. 主句和从句的主语保持一致，称为分词作状语；省略从句的主语，将后面的动词发生形式变化，主动语态变成ing形式，若是被动语态，则变为ed 形式2. 如前后主语不一致，则称为独立主格结构。省略方式：关系词（可保留）+动词形式变化（ing-ed）。Because mum was ill,I didnt go to school.-Mum being ill,I didnt go to school. When he finished his homework,we went out to play.-He finishing his homework,we went out to play.一、时间状语从句中的省略When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student.我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.)到达之后，来个电报。Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.)走之前，请关闭所有的灯。Dont come in until (you are) asked to.不叫你请你不要进来。Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help.不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible.你应尽快让我们知道结果。注：as在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.二、地点状语从句中的省略地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构：where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary,Lay these books where possible you can find them easily.把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages.在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。三、条件状语从句中的省略常用的句型是：if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone等。如：Send the goods now if (they are) ready.货物如果准备好了，请送过来。He will come if (he is) asked.如果叫他来，他就来。If (it is) necessary, ring me at home.如果有可能，朝我家里打电话。Come along with me if (it is) possible.如果有可能和我一起去吧.。If (it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble.如果是真的，这会给我们带来很多麻烦。There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him.很少有人能记起他。You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave.你应呆在你现在的地方不动，除非叫你动。四、让步状语从句中的省略He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull.他真是个好人，尽管有时有点无聊。Even if (I am ) invited to, I wont go to such a bad lecture.即使邀我去，我都不想听如此坏的报告。五、比较状语从句中的省略She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do).她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected.她这项工作比预料的提前完成。六、方式状语从句中的省略as if/as though后还可加n./a./ad./介词短语现在分词过去分词不定式。He acts as if (he were) a fool.他的行为举止好象是个傻子。She talked to the stranger as if (she were) absent-minded.她和陌生人谈话似乎很不在意。He opened the desk, as if (he was) in search of something important.他打抽屉仿佛要找一件什么重要的东西。The boy is running impatiently here and there as if (he is) searching for something lost on the sports ground.这男孩很不耐心地在操场上到处跑着仿佛在找什么东西。The football player is rolling on the ground as if (he is) hurt badly in the leg.足球运动员在操场上打着滚似乎他的腿伤得厉害。He moved his lips as if (he wanted )to speak.他的嘴动着仿佛要说什么。独立主格结构讲析吉林省梨树县第二中学王春忠一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。4. 名词(代词)+形容词The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。5. 名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。6. 名词(代词)+名词His first shot failure，he fired again他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。7. 名词(代词) +介词短语He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。三、with，without 引导的独立主格结构with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式） Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式） The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式） The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词） He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。1. 作时间状语 My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。 The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。2. 作条件状语 Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。 Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。3. 作原因状语 The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。4. 作伴随状语或补充说明 I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。 Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。5. 作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。 He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. 他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。 Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。五、独立主格结构注意事项1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同 有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从判断），Supposing （假设），等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be