《管理学英语》参考译文Unit 2.doc

Unite two 11 Unite 2. Significance of Management管理的重要性Text A. What is Management?管理是什么？Pre -reading Task 课前阅读Read the following questions first, which will help you understand the text below better, and then answer the questions after reading the text carefully. 先看看下面的问题，这些问题将有助于你更好地理解后面的课文，仔细地读完课文后再回答这些问题。1. How do you understand the sentence This interdependence, and the prominent role of organizations in our lives, highlights the importance of management.? 你怎么理解这句话：组织的杰出作用和组织之间的相互依赖性突出了管理的重要性。2. Why do you think management is important for an organization? Please describe the reason in great detail. 为什么你认为管理对一个组织是重要的？请详细地描述一下原因。3. What is the essence of management theory in your viewpoint? 你的观点中，管理理论的本质是什么？TEXT Simply speaking, management is what managers do. But in order to understand the definition of management, that statement seems too simple. To our great surprise, the variety of approaches to management analysis, the amount of research, and the great number of differing views have resulted in much confusion as to what management is, what management theory and science is, and how managerial events should be analyzed. As a matter of fact, Harold Koontz many years ago called this situation the management jungle. Though new approaches have developed and older approaches have taken on some new meanings with some new words attached, the developments of management science and theory still have the characteristics of a jungle. Thus in this passage we want to discuss Importance of Management, Definition of Management, and Major functions of Management respectively. 简单地说，管理就是管理者所做的事情。但是为了弄清管理的定义，这样的表述好像太简单。使我们感到惊奇的是：管理分析的各种方法（学派）、研究的数量、众说纷纭（不同）的观点已经导致关于管理的一些问题非常混淆、困惑，比如管理是什么、管理理论和管理科学是什么、管理事件应该怎样分析等等。事实上，哈罗德孔茨在许多年之前就把这种状况称为“管理（理论）丛林”。尽管新管理学派已经得到发展，旧管理学派附加一些新的词汇而增加了一些新含义，管理科学及管理理论的发展仍有丛林的特征。因此在这一段（篇）文章中，我们想分别讨论一下管理的重要性、管理的定义、管理的主要职能。A.1. Importance of Management 管理的重要性The importance of management goes well beyond meeting personal needs, however. Modem society is characterized by people working together to accomplish tasks. We are not self-sufficient; we depend on other people and organizations to manufacture thousands and thousands of products and to provide medical, financial, educational, and entertainment services. This interdependence, the prominent role of organizations in our lives, highlights the importance of management. 无论如何，管理的重要性远远超出了满足个人需求的程度。现代社会的一个特征就是人们一起工作来完成各项任务。我们并不能自给自足，我们依赖其他人和其他组织来制造生产成千上万的产品，提供医疗方面的、财政金融方面的、教育方面的、娱乐方面的各项服务。自我们生活中的各种组织的卓越的作用，以及组织之间的相互依赖突出了管理的重要性。然而，管理的重要性远远超越了满足个人需求。现代社会是以人们一起工作共同完成任务为特征的。我们不能自给自足，我们要依赖其他人和团体来生产成千上万的产品并提供医疗、金融、教育和娱乐服务。生活中的这些相互依存、以及这些团体组织的重要角色突出了管理的重要性。Management would be a far less challenging task if not for the changes, threats, and opportunities the environment thrusts upon the organization. If the world around managers and their organizations was stable, they could quite easily determine a plan, set up the organization to achieve it, direct the organizations employees, and control the operation without incident. But there is no such thing as a stable environment. 如果没有社会环境把变化、威胁、机遇强加给组织的话，管理将远非一个挑战性的任务。如果管理者们和他们周围的世界是稳定不变的话，他们能很轻易地确定一个计划，创建一个组织去完成这项计划，领导组织的员工（雇员），控制企业运转并无任何事故。但现实社会中没有一个稳定不变的环境。要是没有环境给团体带来的变化、威胁和机遇，管理将远不会如此富有挑战性。如果经理人和他们周围的世界是稳定的，他们会很容易地制定计划，安排团体完成计划，并且不出差错地指挥员工、控制运行。但是根本就没有稳定的环境。Management moves an organization toward its purposes or goals by assigning activities that organizational members perform, if the activities are designed effectively, the production of each individual worker will contribute to the attainment of organizational goals. Management strives to encourage individual activity that will lead to reaching organizational goals and to discourage individual activity that will hinder the accomplishment of those goals. There is no idea more important to managing than goals. Management has no meaning apart from its goals. Managers must, therefore, keep organizational goals in mind at all times. 管理凭借组织成员完成的分配活动推动组织朝向它的目的或目标，如果这种活动是有效设计好的话，每一个工人的生产效率将有助于组织目标的实现（到达）。管理力求激励那些通向到达组织目标的个人活动，劝阻那些阻碍完成组织目标的个人活动。“对于管理而言，没有比（组织）目标更重要的东西了，如果撇开管理的目标，管理就没有任何意义。”为此，管理者必须在头脑里随时（总是）保持组织目标。A.2 Definition of Management 管理的定义According to Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language, it defines management as the act, art or manner of handling, controlling, or directing and the group of those who manage or direct an enterprise. This definition suggests that management involves action directed toward some purpose and that managers are the people involved in this process. Managerial activities cannot be discussed without reference to the human beings performing them, and the position of managers within an organization is ultimately defined not by titles, but by the activities the managers perform. And on the other hand, organizations that bring together people and other resources for a common purpose are the means through which people coordinate their work in modern society. 根据新编韦伯20世纪英语词典，它把管理定义为一种处理、控制和指导事务的行为、艺术或方式，管理者是指管理或指导一个企业的一群人。这个定义暗示管理涉及指向某种目的行为，以及管理者是那些参与这个过程的人。管理活动如果没有涉及人类完成它们就不能被讨论，并且管理者在一个组织中的职位的最终确定不是靠头衔，而是靠管理者所履行的管理活动。在另一方面，组织为一个共同的目的而召集的人员和其他资源，凭借这些手段，人们在现代社会中协调工作。Management exists in an environment that includes competition, the demands of customers, the restrictions imposed by governments, the state of the economy, and even the actions of foreign governments in some cases. In addition, management involves the creative use and coordination of resources to achieve the organizations goals, and all managers engage in each of these functions, to a greater or lesser degree, based on the specific responsibilities they bear. Consequently, a more thorough explanation is that management is coordinating work activities so that they are completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. We already know that coordinating the work of others is what distinguishes a managerial position from a nonmanagerial one. However, this does not mean that managers can do what they want anytime, anywhere, or in any way. Instead, management involves the efficient and effective completion of organizational work activities, or at least thats what manager aspire to do. 管理存在于包括竞争、客户需求、政府强加的种种约束和限制、经济状况、甚至某些情况下的国外政府行为的一个复杂的环境中。另外，管理涉及哪些为了完成组织目标而对各种资源的创造性利用和协调能力，或大或小程度上，管理者从事的基于他们承担的具体责任的各项职责中的每一项。因此，更加彻底（考虑周到）的解释就是：管理是协调性工作活动，以便于有效地和其他人一起或者通过其他人高效率地完成这些工作。我们已经知道管理者协调其他人的工作，这就区分了管理岗位和非管理岗位。然而，这并不意味着管理者在任何时间、任何地点或者以任何方式能做他们想做的。作为替代，管理涉及有效率地和有效地完成组织的有关工作活动，或者至少这是管理者所追求要做的。(1)Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs. Because managers deal with scarce inputs - including resources such as people, money, and equipment - theyre concerned with the efficient use of those resources. For instance, at the Siemens AG factory in Forchheim, Germany, where employees make X-ray equipment, efficient manufacturing techniques were implemented by doing things such as cutting inventory levels, decreasing the amount of time to manufacture products, and lowering product reject rates. These efficient work practices paid off as the plant was named one of Industry Weeks best plants for 2002. 效率是指用最少的投入获得最大产量。因为管理者要处理稀缺投入（包括人力、金钱和设备等资源），管理者关心这些资源的利用效率。比如，在德国福希海姆市的西门子公司的工厂里，雇员们制造X光设备，通过消减库存水平，降低产品生产时间和降低产品不合格率来执行高效率的生产制造技术。当工厂被“工业周刊”命名为2002年度最佳工厂之一时，这些高效率的工作实践给企业带来了利益（获得成功）。From this perspective, efficiency is often referred to as doing things right - that is, not wasting resources. However, its not enough just to be efficient. Management is also concerned with being effective, completing activities so that organizational goals are attained. 从这个角度来看，效率经常被称为“做事正确用正确的方法做事”，那就是不浪费资源。然而，仅仅有效率是不够的。管理也关心有效的圆满的行动，以便于组织目标得以实现。(2)Effectiveness is often described as doing the right things - that is, those work activities that will help the organization reach its goals. For instance, at the Siemens factory, goals included reducing equipment installation time for customers and cutting costs. Through various work programs; these goals were pursued and achieved. Whereas efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done, effectiveness is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals. Management is concerned, then, not only with getting activities completed and meeting organizational goals (effectiveness) but also with doing so as efficiently as possible. In successful organizations, high efficiency and high effectiveness typically go hand in hand. Poor management is most often due to both inefficiency and ineffectiveness or to effectiveness achieved through inefficiency. 效果通常被描述为做正确的事，也就是，做那些有助于组织实现自身目标的工作活动。例如，在西门子工厂，目标包括为客户减少机器组装时间和消减成本。通过各种工作程序，这些目标被追逐和完成。效率关心完成事情的方式和手段，而效果关心结果或者组织目标的完成与否。因此，管理不仅关心完成相关活动和满足组织目标（效果），还关心尽可能地高效率地去做事情。在成功的组织里，高效率和高效果通常是结合在一起的。低劣的管理最经常是因为既没效率又没效果，或者通过低效率实现效果（效益）。As mentioned above, we should clearly identify that management is the process of designing and accomplishing goals by means of all resources within the certain environment in an efficient and effective manner. This process involves several core functions including planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. 如上所述，我们应该清晰地认识到管理是指在一定的环境中，凭借（依靠）各种资源设计目标并用高效率的、高效果的方式去完成目标的过程。这个过程涉及到了管理的几个核心职能，包括计划、组织、人员配备、领导和控制等。A.3 Major Functions of Management 管理的主要职能All in all, management is the process of achieving organizational goals by engaging in the five major functions which are crucial to effective management. This definition recognizes that management is an ongoing activity, entails reaching important goals, and involves knowing how to perform the major functions of management. 总的说来，管理是通过致力于五种对有效管理来说至关重要的主要职能来实现组织目标的过程。这个定义认识到管理是一个持续存在的的行动，需要实现重要的目标，涉及知道如何执行各项管理职能。Many scholars and managers have found that the analysis of management is facilitated by a useful and clear organization of knowledge. In studying management, therefore, it is helpful to break it down into five managerial functions - planning, organization, staffing, leading and controlling - around which the knowledge that underlies those functions can be organized. Managers use decision-making skills and tools to perform the five basic functions of management. However, not all managers perform all the functions all of the time, for example, not every manager makes plans every day. Nor do managers necessarily perform these five managerial functions in sequence. But within any organization, all the five functions must be performed by the managers together if the organization is to be successful over time. 许多学者和管理者已经发现通过有用的、清晰的组织知识对管理进行分析是很便利的。因此在研究管理时，把管理分成计划、组织、人员配备、领导和控制等5个管理职能是很有好处的，围绕管理的这5项职能下面的相关知识可以形成有机结构（有机体）。管理者利用决策技巧和工具来执行管理的5项基本职能。然而，不是所有的管理者在任何时候都能使用（执行）所有功能，例如，不是每一个经理每一天都制定计划。管理者也没有必要按顺序执行这5项职能。但是在任何组织里，如果组织要有朝一日获得成功，所有的这5项职都必须通过管理者们一起来很好地执行。Assume a company decides to hold a New Year festival weekend, including a concert by a popular musical group. The management must first decide who is in charge of the festival activities, what group to hire and where to locate the festival, obtain approvals and handle other specifics of production. These activities include some planning, some organizing, and some controlling. The activities of the festival itself must then be determined and scheduled, funds collected, and tickets sold. Again, this practices several functions simultaneously. Finally, the management must lead or direct the operation and control the activities to meet its goals within the budget. If the planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling are coordinated and handled effectively, the New Year festival weekend can be a financial and social success; if they are not, the weekend will fall short of its objectives. The same is true for all organizations. 假定一个公司决定举办新年周末节庆活动，包括流行音乐组合的音乐会。管理必须首先确定谁去负责节庆活动，雇佣什么样的音乐团队，在哪里举办节庆活动，获得（政府、环保、社区居民等部门）的批准、处理其他产生的细节问题等等。这些活动包括做一些计划、一些组织和一些控制。接下来，要确定和安排节庆活动本身的活动，收集资金，以及售票等等。这就要同时实践（执行）几种管理职能。最终，管理必须领导或引导这项活动的运转，以及在预算下控制相关活动以满足节庆活动的目标。如果计划、组织、人员配备、领导和控制等职能协调发挥、处理有效，那么周末新年节庆活动就能在财务方面和社会方面取得成功；如果做不到协调和有效处理，那么这个周末节庆活动将达不到自身的目标。这同样适用于所有组织。The following are the five management functions, which are described briefly. 下面是5种管理职能，可以分别简洁地描述一下相关内容。1. Planning involves choosing tasks that must be performed to attain organizational goals, outlining how the tasks must be performed, and indicating when they should be performed. Planning activity focuses on attaining goals. Through their plans, managers outline exactly what organizations must do to be successful. Planning is concerned with organizational success in the near future (short term) as well as in the more distant future (long term). 计划职能包括选择那些必须要执行才能实现组织的目标的任务，概述必须如何去执行（完成）任务，指示应该什么时候去执行那些任务。计划活动中心在于实现（组织）目标。管理者通过他们的计划精确地列出提纲组织要成功所必须做的。计划不但关心组织在不久的将来（近期）的成功，而且还关心更远的将来的成功。（as well as不但，而且）2. Organizing can be thought of as assigning the tasks developed under the planning function to various individuals or groups within the organization. Organizing, then, creates a mechanism to put plans into action. People within the organization are given work assignments that contribute to goal attainment. Tasks are organized so that the output of individuals contributes to the success of departments, which, in turn, contributes to the success of divisions, which ultimately contributes to the overall success of the organization. 组织职能可以看作是在组织内，分配由计划职能设定出来的各项任务给个人或各个小组。接着，组织要创造一个有机系统来实施计划。组织内的员工们接到有助于组织目标实现的有关工作任务。各项任务都是有条理的、有组织的，以便于个人的工作产出促进各自小组的成功，小组的成功反过来又促进部门的成功，部门的成功最终促进组织的全面成功。3. The managerial function of staffing is defined as filling, and keeping filled positions in the organization structure. This is done by identifying workforce requirements, inventorying the people available, and recruiting, selecting, placing, promoting, appraising, planning the careers of, compensating, and training or otherwise developing both candidates and current jobholders so that they can accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently. It is clear that staffing must be closely linked to organizing, that is, the setting up of intentional structures of roles and positions. 人员配备职能被定义为在组织结构内进行岗位招聘（填补职位）、保持岗位满员的工作。这项职能的工作有确定劳动力需求、盘点可用员工的数量、招聘、选拔、安置、提升、评价、规划职业生涯、补偿金、培训，以及其他方面的工作，通过人员配备职能的这些工作来发展求职者和现有从业人员，以至于他们能有效地和有效率地完成自己的工作。很显然，人员配备职能必须要紧密联系组织职能，那就是说，角(jue)色和岗位的结构策划的建立过程。4. Leading is defined as the process of influencing people and motivating them to make contributions to organizational and group goals. This function, which is also commonly referred to as motivating, influencing, directing, or actuating, is concerned primarily with people within organizations. Leading can be thought of as the process of guiding the activities of organizational members in appropriate directions. An appropriate direction is any direction that helps the organization move toward goal attainment. The ultimate purpose of leading is to increase productivity. Human-oriented work situations usually generate higher levels of production over the long term than do task-oriented work situations because people find the latter type of situations distasteful. 领导职能被定义为影响其他人和激励其他人为组织和群体目标做出贡献的过程。这个职能通常也叫做激励、影响、指导或者驱使，它主要关心组织内员工。领导可以被看作是在恰当的方向下，指导（引导）组织成员的过程。这个恰当的方向是指帮助组织向其目标实现而移动的任何方向。领导的最终目的是要提高生产率。以人为本的工作环境通常长期可以比以工作为中心的工作环境产生高水平的生产（率），这是因为人们发现后一种环境是令人讨厌的。5. Controlling is an ongoing process. Managers continually gather information, make their comparisons, and then try to find new ways of improving production through organizational modification. So controlling is the managerial function for the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are being accomplished. 控制职能是一个正在进行的或持续性的过程。管理者不断地收集信息、对比信息，然后试着通过组织改造来发现提高生产效率的新方式。因此，控制就是为了确保那些要（打算）实现的组织目标和设计好的计划正在被完成，而对绩效进行测量和校正的一种管理职能。The above are the five basic management functions that make up the management processes, these five major functions will be defined in great detail in other units in this book. 上述五种基本的管理职能组成了管理过程，这五种主要管理职能将在这本书的其他单元详细叙述。Text B The Principles of Management管理学原理Pre-reading Activities 课前阅读Read text B carefully and then divide the class into groups. Choose one of the following topics to discuss in each group. Give a short report about the groups opinion after chat. 仔细阅读课文B，然后把全班进行分组。每一个小组选择下面的一个话题进行讨论。最后每一组给出全组意见的简短报告。1. Give your personal understanding about the principles of management. 给出你自己关于管理学原理的理解。2. Can management process be applied to some small tasks we might be faced with in our life? 我们能把管理过程（程序）能应用到我们生活中可能遇到的问题吗？3. Discuss the importance of rational decision making. 讨论一下制定合理决策的重要性？4. Does experience count for much to new managers? 对于新的管理者来说，经验非常有价值吗？（count for much很有价值；关系重大）5. Does theoretical research outweigh experimental research, or vice versa? 理论研究比试验研究重要，还是试验研究比理论研究重要。（vice versa反之亦然）Text There are probably as many definitions of management as there are books on the subject. Many of these definitions are relatively concise and often simplistic. One early writer defined management as knowing exactly what you want people to do, and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way. Management is actually a very complex process - much more complex than this definition would lead us to believe. Thus we need to develop a definition of management that better captures the true nature of the process. 可能有很多的管理定义，就像撰写这个话题的书那样多。许多定义相对简明，并且常常是过分简单的。一个早期的作者把管理定义为“能确切地知道想要其他人做什么，也明白他们能用最好的、最便宜的方式去完成它。”管理实际上是一个非常复杂（复合的、综合的）的过程，其复杂性使我们相信管理的复杂性远大于上述定义。因此，我需要进一步发展管理的定义，以更好地获取管理过程的真正实质（性质）。Management is the process of setting and accomplishing an organizations goals through the use and coordination of human, technical, and financial resources within the context of the environment. This process involves several core functions including planning and decision making, organizing, staffing, leading