Lexicology terms.doc

Lexicology: The term lexicology comes from Greek morphemes: “lexi” and “logos”; the former means “word or phrase”, while the latter “a department of knowledge”.The literal meaning is the “science of the word”.It is the study of the signification and application of words.( a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a given language.) A word may be defined as one of the fundamental units of speech and as having a minimum free form. It is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactical function.Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. Morpheme： The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller formsAllomorph： An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. A bound morpheme can not stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme.A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word which conveys the fundamental meaning of the word.( Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to anther morpheme. A hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages.A root is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (it conveys the main lexical meaning)A stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.A base is the form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.A combining form is a bound morpheme, such as auto- (fr. Gk autos self), hydro (fr. Gk hydor water), or tele (fr. Tele far off), but which are now occurs only in derivatives.1. Derivation or affixation is a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes( prefix or suffix or both) or combining form to the base.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter. Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, ect. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full form. (newscast-news+ broadcast)Back-formation is a term used to refer a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or two words with a change either in vowel or in consonant. (go-go, ping-pong, willy-nilly) Neoclassical formation denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Thought or reference (concept) Referent Symbol (object in the world) (word, sentence ) Ogden & Richards the semantic triangle Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.The denotative (extensional) or conceptual meaning of a word is its definition in a dictionary. chair: “it is a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, having a back and usually, four legs”.Connotative (intentional) meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in ones mind; Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. dad father parentColloquial stylistically neutral bookishAffective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.1. Polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meaningsHomonymy is the term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form, but differ in meaning.1. Perfect homonyms (Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning) (bear n. bear v.)Homophones(Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning)(air, heir)3. Homographs(Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning)(lead v. Lead n.)Synonyms are traditionally defined as words differing in sound and form but identical or similar in meaning. The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms.Contraries , a type of semantic contrast in a contrary pair, are gradable.（相反词）Complementaries represent a type of binary semantic opposition. The contrast between the two terms is absolute.(绝对、矛盾或互补词）Conversives Another important type of binary opposition is called conversives or relational opposites(关系反义词）（对立词Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.41.acronymy42.native words43.elevation44.stylistic meaning45.monolingral dictionary41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes.43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context.45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language.41. specialized dictionary 42. collocative meaning 43. transfer 44. morpheme 45. old English 41. Specialized dictionary refers to a dictionary which concentrates on a particular area of language or knowledge. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分) 42. Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分) 43. Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. 44. the minimal meaningful unit of a language. 45. the language used in England from 450 to 1150. 41.dictionary42.pejoration43.idioms nominal in nature44.Germanic45.allomorph41. Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of a language, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.42. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.43.(1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word. (2)Each functions as a noun/also knows as noun idioms.44.a term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc. 45.one of the variants that realize a morpheme free free rootMorpheme bound root bound inflectional affixes prefixes derivational affixes suffixes7. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes?Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Modern English is an analytic language. Most endings are lost, leaving only a few inflectional affixes, such as plural forms of nouns-s(-es), and the comparative and superlative degree forms of adjectives: -er, -est. Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be f