墨东博《葵花宝典》英语阅读解题技巧与方法.doc

英语阅读讲义主讲人：墨东博 8月4日内容：（1）做阅读时，注意“重复原则”；（2）词汇的精深理解，即理解简单词汇得深层次意思；（3）态度词汇，即能够反应作者观点、是否赞成的相关词语；（4）热词假意；（5）重要句型和相关词汇。一、 重复原则：（RP原则）1、 同源词，但是词性不一致。（中文和英文在句意得表达上有所差别：中文当意思相同时，往往用统一个词语表达，而英文则是用不同的词语(如：代词、物主代词等)或改变词语时态来表示同一意思即不喜欢重复使用同一词语。例：（2010/A）When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mothers Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, And at restaurants did not take her seriously,did not give her good service,pretended not to Understand her,or even acted as if they did not hear her.My mother has realized the limitations of her English as well. When I was fifteen, she used to have me call people on phone to pretend I was she . I was forced to ask for information or even to yell at people who had been rude to her. One time I had to call her stockbroker (股票经纪人).I said in qn adolescent voice that was not very convincing, “This is Mrs.Tan.”41.Why was the authors mother poorly served?（RP原则）A.She was unable to speak good English.B.She was often misunderstood.C.She was not clearly heard.D.She was not very polite.(选A)第一步：先看段落中有没有转折原因词。发现第二句有“Because of”，这是考点，引出作者要强调的内容。牛人必备基本功：1、how、however、yet 2、nevertheless、nonetheless 3、，though（然而）、whereas，（然而） 4、still，（即时如此，但） 5、In fact，）、Actually，、As the matter of fact，（实际） 6、Now、Nowadays（现在、如今）7、，while/ while,（虽然/尽管）8、虽然：Although，（系表结构） As，（往往会引起倒装），eg Young as he is， In spite of， 9、Because、because of 段落中出现词语为 was treated unfairly 受到不平等待遇（注意副词unfairly有较强的语气，带有作者强烈的感情） 在问题中却使用poorly served 受到不平等待遇 （注意副词poorly与unfairly的对应性）以及用同样的词语但是表达不同的意思，如：change 分别在同一段落中的不同句子中以名词N 或形容词V出现。）练习:（2010年B）When something goes wrong，it can be very satisfying to say，“Well ,its so-and-sos fault.”or “I know Im late，but its not my fault；the car broke down.”It is probably not your fault，but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation，you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example, if you were late because your car broke down, maybe you need to have your car examined more regularly. Or, you might start to earry along with you the useful phone numbers, so you could call for help when in need. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. Ask to work with a different person, or dont rely on the person. You should accept that the person. Ask to work with a different person, or dont rely on this person. You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well.46. According to the passage, winners .A. deal with problems rather that是而不是，强调前面的内容 blame othersB. meet with fewer difficulties in their livesC. have responsible and able colleaguesD. blame themselves rather that others(A)47.The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .A. avoidB. acceptC. improve D. consider(C)48.When your colleague brings about a problem, you should .A. find a better way to handle the problemB. blame him for his lack of responsibilityC. tell him to find the cause of the problemD. ask a more able colleague for help(A)段落中出现词语为 stopstart、blame、remedy治疗;治疗法;药物；修理，校正（隐身为处理）、winners） 在问题中却使用 rather than、blame、deal with）例：句1 change 在此句中为动词句2 change在此句中为名词假如他们都属于同一段落！这就是出题者常用陷阱，看是否能够将它们区分开。（因此，在答案中出现了与原文完全相同的语句通常不能选，因为外国人不喜欢重复使用语句）2、 使用近义词或同义词。例： 句1 change (v-动词形式)句2 to shift 注意：在英语阅读文章中，每一段落只有一个中心；如果在同一段落中发现某一概念重复出现即两次或两次以上，则他一定是本段的中心句或中心意思或核心。3、 同一语意场。同一段落中，用不同的词语或词性来表达同一意思。例：表达 “改变” 分别使用以下词汇：句1 change 句2 to shift 句3 transformation 句4 transformating句5 altering 4、 词或句的重复原则。例：文章中出现We will spend two weeks to finish the homework. 答案中出现 It takes us fornight（14天） completing our assightment.【词义辨析】Complete,finish,end,close,conclude,terminate,accomplish这些动词均含“结束，完成”之意。complete:侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。finish:与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。end:最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。close:普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。conclude:正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。terminate:强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。accomplish:正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。5、 上义与下义重复或有逻辑关系，如包含关系、同类关系。(2010年C)Food hometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.Certain microorganisms（微生物）cause most types of food poisoning. Becteria and other microorganisms and poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release（释放）poisons that make people sick.51.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Food when poisoned can make people sick. B.Food poisoning means death.C.Food poisoning comes in varieties.D.Food poisoning can be serious.【由but可知中心语句，Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly.“but”后面强调的内容是关键“some types are deadly”是some types 某些类型，不是全部。B选项的意思说Food poisoning意味着死亡，是以偏概全的说法。】（c）52.We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning .A.are always accompanied by a feverB.are too common to be notedC.can be noticed within hoursD.can he ignored【Rp原则，问题的中心词对应原文第一段的末两句“The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.”】例： 句1 Food hometimes 句2 food poisoning 句5 Certain microorganism 句6 Becteria 句7 other microorganisms等 第9句 Fever他们之间有一定的逻辑关系，而开头越是含糊的名词越需要下面的同类的词来支持和解析，从而突出文章所介绍的内容，所以可以判定作者要强调应该是Food hometimes gets poisoned with harmful things。二、 词汇的精深理解：（中文在表达句意上喜欢“头重脚轻”，即开始写得很多说明重要，结尾寥寥数语；而英文却喜欢“头轻脚重”即喜欢把描述得多即内容较多的句子放在后面，如果要表达的中心其描写内容少于非中心的的内容，则要使用倒装。）1、 词转义。1-1动词的活用例：recruit Oa(宾语a) to Ob(宾语b)。说明Ob 的描写内容多余Oa则用这样的表达形式 （简单表示为：Ob Oa）若 Ob Oa 则表达方式为：recruit to Ob(宾语b) Oa(宾语a) 。即使用倒装。其句子意思都为“为了达到b的目的寻求a的帮助。”1-2容易发生转义的情况：(1)当Vt(不及物动词) + O（宾语） 变成 Vt + Oa + prep (介词) + Ob 则易转换例：reduce + O表“降低”reduce Oa to Ob 表“归纳” 例：cost + O表“花费” cost Oa Ob 表 “使/ 让a付出了b得代价”或“使a失去b”1-3 若动词的中文词意有“使”、“被”这样的词意，他有两种用法：（1） 若主语是人则用被动语态，但句子意思按照主动语态翻译。例：Tom is abliged to Jerry for his help . 译：“Tom 感谢Jerry的帮助。”例：Ir finally dawned that John had been lying to Lily. 译：“Lily 终于明白Tom一直在骗她。”dawn “黎明”、 “被理解”（2） 若主语是物则直接加动词。例：That painting appeals to the audience . 译：“ 百姓喜欢这幅画。“2、名词(N)。2-1 名词常用于表达主题（Topic）当 n + prep 相互融合时例：A gives way to B. 译：“B的出现让A消失”例：A in the wake of B. 译：“原因B退推出结果A” BA例：A is followed B. 译：“原因是A 、 结果是B” ABA follow B. 译：“原因B退推出结果A” BA例：A can be different between B and C. 要（选择）B或C取决于A。例：A at the mercy of B . 表示“B 控制A”例：Weight A against B . 表示“在B的背景（情况）下着重考虑A”例：Substitute A for B . 表示“A代B” A , substituting for B. 表示“A代B”例： Replace A with B . 表示“B代A”A ， replaced with B . 表示“B代A”2-2 名词的单复数差异：例：personality “品质、性格” ； personalities “名流” Gut “大肠” ； guts “勇气”Odds “机会” ；be at odds with “和某人关系不好”2-3词语的褒、贬义谓语的判断：当动词具有时态的主被动的语态时则为谓语，如果既没有时（过去时、现在时、形式主语）也没有态（主动、被动）的变化那么就是非谓语动词。三、词与句的重心（黑体表示重心即中心词或句，其中a、b、c都表示一句话或一个名词等）A and b ； not only a but although b ； a ， b and c ;a or b ； a instead of b；instead a ， b ； a ， b insteadA as well as b ； not so much a as b 与其说a还不如说b ； A But b ； A rather than b ； 【如上述2010年B的46. According to the passage, winners deal with problems rather that blame othersA （today、we、yet）b 作者有喜新厌旧的思想，所以往往有这样的词作为引导作者的观点；“Acknowledge” 无论引导的是谁说的话或表达的观点都是作者的意思。 a一些特别的符号的异曲同工处：“：” a ：b 表示b解释a ；a ：b、c、d 则b、c、d都是a的解释内容。“；” a ；b 表示a、b两句意思相近，处于平级。例：lily is somewhat weird（古怪的） ；her sister seems easy gonging （和善的）， instead（表示引号两边表达意思相反）。双引号“”的妙用，有表示反义的意思。例：tom is a “good” man 。译：tom不是个好人。六大句型：（1）条件句，包括真实句和虚拟语句；（2）否定句；（3）让步句；（4）转折句；（5）定语从句；（6）非谓语动词作谓语形式。1、 条件句。（1）真实句：即作者的意愿与他人观点或现实相吻合。如此类词语常用于表达作者的观点：vice versa 、 or else、until 、 before 、 unless = if not “除非”unless =until（前提是出现在句首）例：if he does not come ， I will go。译：如果他不来我就走。“非come即go”例：he must work hard （A）or else he will be dismissed（B）。如果要想不被解雇就必须认真工作。 “ 如果B不存在则A成立。”Before ：“以防” a before b 从种句型出现则表明作者意思是“a不成立则b发生”。 例：put that money somewhere before it gets stone 。“把钱放别处以防被偷。”（2010年C）Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it.Only if = only when “只要就” 例： a only if b “ba ” （没有a就没有b ；没有b也没有aa、b都是否定时成立。）（2011年A）From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. They dont get to see this soft side of others often, we try bevery way possible to avoid showing our weakness, which includes a lot of pretending. But only when we stop pretending were brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness thats in them.27. The author feels sad sometimes because _. A. he has a soft heart B. he relies much on others C. some people pretend to be kind D. some people fail to see the kindness in others注：作者在阅读种喜欢“喜新厌旧”；“标新立异”，即常可以通过“如today 、now、present、coming、latest、currently”；转折词语“如however、yet、Only if 、 while、only when、moreover、begin a as b 把a 认为是b、”强调句“如do、indeed 、”；表示很自信的词语“of course ”；最高级“best、latest、earliest 、most”；概括性词语“above all、after all”；条件（假设）“if ”等词语引出自己的观点。（2）虚拟语气，常作为作者的观点句。当作者的意愿与现实或他人的观点相冲突时，作者用一种委婉的语气表示不满或遗憾，并提出解决的办法，以求“东山再起”！其引导词主要有“butthat ； without（介词） ”；ifonly （作连词，译：“若就好了”if he had remembered to buy some fruit 。译：“如果他记得买点水果就好了。” ）；but that “要不是”，例：but that he get nervous (紧张)，he could have passed。译：“如果他不紧张就通过了 。”主句虚拟：could 、should 、 must 、 would 、 might ，阅读当中一旦出现这样的词语，那么就是虚拟语气，同事还带有作者的观点。（2010年C）When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means thatThis means that 表示作者的观点，要注意。 people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.53.Food poiseming can be caused by all the following EXCEPT .A.fome chemicalsB.low temperaturesC.some tiny living thingsD.certain naturall materials试题分析：由第五段Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing.可知low temperatures不能导致Food poisoning高考考点：考查事实细节分析理解54.From Paragraph 5,we can learn that .A.mushrooms should not be eatenB.vegetables are safer than meat and seafoodC.natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicalsD.different types of food should be handled differently（2008年B）It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think youre silly because you arent good at math, find a tutor. If you think youre weak because you cant run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think youre dull because you dont wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesnt mean its true.（排列句起强调作用）（3）否定句。一般分为双重否定和三重否定，其中三重否定的接题思路为先看重句在看主句，如2005年真题的 text 4 的38题。双重否定，例：there are no questions （which） we can think help that can not he answered 。译：“我们能想到的但是回答不了的问题没有。”同时，在这样的句型中，中英文有明显的差距，中文喜欢先因后果，而英美文章一般先果后因，这是在解题中需要主要和应用的主要一点。 No one came along to give me the grand prize, and then someone distracted me, and I probably never would have thought about that poster again. 没有人走过来给我巨奖，然后有人分心我，我大概永远不会再次想到有关该海报。2、 让步句。作者的意愿与显示或他人的观点相互冲突，作者无能为力，即提不处解决之道，于是作者很不甘心的接受了。如：“anyway（讲义115页 94题）、although（2006年21题） 、 while 、 much as 、 dispite 、in spite of ”等。（2007年C）Malaria, the worlds most widespread parasitic(寄生虫引起的) disease, kills as many as three million people every yearalmost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African. In most years, more than five hundred million cases of illness result from the disease, although exact numbers are difficult to assess because many people dont (or cant) seek care. It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment, and what they often get no longer works. In countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, and the Gambia, no family, village, hospital, or workplace can remain unaffected for long.51. According to paragraph 1, many people dont seek care because_.A. they are too poor B. it is unusual to seek careC. they can remain unaffected for long D. there are too many people suffering from the disease3、 转折句。当作者的意愿与现实或他人的观点相冲突时，作者有能力改变现实或驳倒他人的观点。主要方式有：（1）革命暴力型“but、contrary”；（2）含蓄委婉型“now、yet、however=only（常在句中作连词用时）、in fact 、of course 、 only 、catually ”；（3）对比转折型“where as、 while 、 on the other hand”。While A and B 淘汰A要B ；A while B 淘汰B要A；开门见山型：A but B 抛砖引玉型：It is said that but 译：“据说但是（这样的句型出现作者是不赞成的） 2003年第一段” 以退为进型：It is ture but 重点在but 后面“悲剧与冲突的最高体现为but”4、 定语从句。讲义57页 句2，两谓语之间用“and”连接时或若干个谓语在最后时用一个“and”连接则表明他们公用一个谓语，语法中成为联合谓语。例：2006年text 4第43题:P 1（谓语1）had 、 feeling,P2(谓语2) joy 、 earliest ,P3（谓语3） skeptical 、bad feeling 、morden times ,P4（谓语4）morden，P5（谓语5）eaelier and P6（谓语6）today 则他们共用一个谓语。“which” 可能代表的是前句前面的名词或前面整句。“that” 重句中，特别是大句套小句的反义“从外往里译”。 A , B ,too 以too结尾则重心 A = B1、首段原则：（多注意首段，认真阅读）先确定主题即文章的主题句，用之前的方法判断主题句；然后确定基调，即作者赞成什么，不赞成什么。如果在首段出现了明显的转折或递进（如however）之类的词语，那么紧跟的句子常为主题句；假如没有则一般为立论型文章，这注意第二段。例：see A as B 若A(句子的长度)2）则答案在这几个段落的中，其主体只有一个（讲义75页014题）。其形式有：推论题（1）同义置换、重复原则；（2）对作者或作者的代言人的观点进行推论，其论据不能作为答案；（3）确定哪些是作者或作者代言人的观点（其判断方法参照找重点句、中心句的方法）。注意：在推论过程中，现将段落的首句或尾句结合进行分析、总结，对照所给选项，寻找是否有相近意思的答案即重复内容，如果没有，那么就在段落中寻找文章的例子即例证，其例子就可能是论点体现，即核心概念。其顺序为：先看段落首句 再看尾句 最后找例证。推论误区：（1）推论过度，把自己理解的意思强加进去；（2）推论停留在表面，过于肤浅。其解决办法为：使用重复原则进行检查，即有重复或相近意思则正确，反之错误。3、 全文推论：做题步骤为：（1）首段细读，寻找主题和基调；（2）将各段首句/尾句进行综合分析；（3）将其分析处的结论与选项对应以寻找与分析结果有相同或相近意思的选项即重复原则。例：2004年text 4 37题 “elit 精英 ； elitism 精英文化 ； smell of 意味着”例：2006年text1 A be characteristic of B “B就是A，A是B的具体表现”Cater = tailor to “迎合”注：在段落推论题中，如果没有明显的转折，但是可以通过maintain、argue、hold 等词判断出该题为推论题，其句型后面的句子都是为首句服务的，即论点放在首句。在段落之间，如果所问段落与次段的首句有“they”等表示衔接的词语，则需要看下段落，综合后得出答案。 细节题：提干有特定的人名、时间、地名、术语（描写现象）做题方法：（1）定位出题范围；（2）遍读边做。 AedAingBed（形式一）Bing （形式二）CedCingDedDingAto do A + adj + nBto do （形式三） B + adj + n（形式四）Cto do C + adj + nDto do D + adj + n以上四种模式：（1）先确定首句的意思；（2）在段落中只要能找出与选项中有相同或相近的词、句意思，那么就是该选项。例：讲义 106页 74题 “remolded = re - made” ； 2004年 24