非谓语笔记.doc

非谓语动词非谓语动词部分在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫非谓语动词。它们保留了动词的特性，具有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词分为不定式、V-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。一、非谓语动词时态、语态的形式（以动词do为例）时态形式时间概念主动式被动式例句不定式一般时发生在谓语动作之后to doto be done1、2完成时发生在谓语动作之前to have doneto have been done3、4进行时与谓语动作同时发生to be doing/5V-ing形式一般时与谓语动作几乎同时doing being done 6、8完成时发生在谓语动作之前having donehaving been done7、9、10过去分词一般时发生在谓语动作之前/done11例句1.We want to visit a famous scientist.2.The child asked to be taken to the park.3. Im sorry to have done that.4.The book is said to have been translated into English.5. He pretended to be studying, when his mother came in.6. They began studying just now.7. He remembered having seen the film. 8. He was very disappointed for being asked to go there. 9. Having passed the exam, she went to college. 10. Not having been finished , the homework wasnt handed in.11. Encouraged by his teacher, he decided to study hard.备注1.非谓语动词的否定式：将否定词not置于非谓语动词前即可，不定式的否定式有时为了强调用never。例如：The teacher told the students not to smoke. He couldnt give the reason for not coming here yesterday.2.非谓语动词的被动式：(1)如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动形式。例如：The girl loves to be taken to the park.(2)当句子的主语是V-ing动作的承受者时，V-ing形式用被动式。例如：The meeting being held is important. 3. 非谓语动词的完成式：一般情况下，非谓语动词所表达的动作或状态在谓语动词所表达的动作或状态之前时，常用完成式；若同时发生时用进行式或一般式；之后发生（将来发生）时，只能用一般式。如例句中的1、2、3等。 二、非谓语动词所承担的句法功能主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式V-ing形式过去分词三、不定式不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，不定式可以带宾语或状语构成短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。（一）不定式的作用1.作主语如：To smoke is bad for the health. = It is bad for the health to smoke.注不定式在句子中作主语时，通常用it 作形式主语，而将不定式后置。如：It is important to know the culture of the foreign countries.It is a custom to shake hands with people every morning in some countries.It is bad manners for a guest to eat with feet pointing to the others.2.作表语如：Nodding ones head is to say “Yes”. 注除了系动词be 外，seem ,appear, happen, prove 等词后也常带不定式。如：He seems to be very happy. She appeared to be very tired. 3.作宾语如：He promised to buy me a bike as a present. They agreed to help me with my English. 注能用不定式作宾语的常见动词有：agree, ask, promise, want, like, pretend, wish ,choose, decide, offer, hope, seek ,continue, try, intend , learn, expect, determine, plan, manage, refuse, fail等。4.作补足语：宾语补足语和主语补足语如：He wants me to read English every day. （宾补）We are advised to eat healthy food.（主补）注以上结构的常用动词有：allow, warn, ask, invite, force, wish, order, like , advise, expect, encourage, persuade, tell, promise, remind, prefer, get, want , help, cause, forbid, permit , teach等。5.作定语不定式作定语需后置，通常不定式与所修饰的词有主谓、动宾或既不是主谓也不是动宾关系。如：I have an important meeting to attend. （动宾关系）Who is the person to attend the meeting. （主谓关系）This is the best way to solve the problem. （无主谓也无动宾关系）注不定式与所修饰的名词间是动宾关系时，不定式可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但表达的意义不一样。如：Im going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 你有信需要（我帮你）邮吗？Do you have any letters to post? 你有信需要邮吗？6.作状语如：I got up early to catch the bus.（目的）Im glad to see you here.（原因）He woke up to find all the people gone. （结果） （二）疑问词+ 不定式结构疑问词what，where，whether，which，who，whom，how，when不定式可用作主语、宾语、表语或宾补等，其中以用作宾语最为普遍。疑问词不定式这一结构一般可以转换成疑问词引导的从句。如：Where to go has not been decided yet. (=Where we shall go has not been decided yet.)Tell me what to do next, please. (= Tell me what we should do next, please.)The question is how to get there. (=The question is how we can get there.)You can ask him when to start. (=You can ask him when we can start.)注 1.在正式英语中，不能以这种结构来代替一个疑问句。如不能说How to start the machine应说How shall we start the machine?2.能接疑问词不定式的动词常见的有ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, remember, learn, wonder, want to know, show等。（三）不定式符号to省略的几种情况1.在feel, look at, see, hear, notice, observe, watch, listen to , have, let, make 等词后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，也就是说作主语补足语时，就必须带to。但let后的主语补足语不带to。如：I often see the boy play near my house.The boy is often seen to play near my houseHe was let go out.2.在动词help（帮助）后面，不定式符号“to” 带不带都可以。如：He helped me (to) cross the street.3.在介词but, expect, besides, than等表示“除了”之意的词前，若有实义动词do时，常用无to的不定式作其介词的宾语。如：What does he like to do besides read ? He could do nothing but wait.注如果没有实义动词do就加 to。 如：I have no choice but to wait.4.含解释do的精确意义的从句，可用不带to的不定式。如：All that I need do is (to) wait.5.当几个动词不定式作为并列成分出现在句中时，只在第一个不定式前加to ，其他不定式前to 均可省略。如：He asked me to go shopping and buy some food for him.6.用于以why 开头的简单问句中，不定式省略to。如：Why not try knocking at the door?Why leave early?注如在want, hope, like ( would like), love ( would love), hate, wish , plan, mean 等动词后，以及be glad, be willing 等词语后，当上下文意思清楚时，为避免重复，常省略不定式中的动词及后面部分，但to 不能省略。如：Would you like to go shopping with me?Id love to, but Im too busy.（四）不定式的主动形式表被动含义的几种形式1.英语中，不定式在某些形容词后做状语时，要用主动形式表示被动。这类形容词有： heavy, horrible, important, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, splendid, strange, useful, amusing, cheap, comfortable, dangerous, difficult, easy, expensive, funny, good, hard等。如：This movie is difficult to understand.Not all the food is good to eat.The car is too heavy to move.2.在句型：指示代词This/ that/ these/ those + be +上述形容词（作定语）+ 名词+ to do中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表被动含义，动词不定式本身应该是及物动词，或相当于及物动词的短语，而表语前的形容词应该是上一条中所提到的形容词。如：This is an easy question to answer.That is a nice place to visit.3.在there be句型中修饰主语的不定式，用主动形式和被动形式都表示被动含义，但非正式文体和口语中，多用主动形式表被动含义。例如：There are many questions to discuss/ to be discussed.注当该句型主语是something , anything , nothing等不定代词时，后面的不定式用主动形式或被动形式，意义不同。如：There is nothing to do. 没有事可以做。There is nothing to be done. 没有办法。 注句中不定式如有逻辑主语，则只用主动语态。如：There is nothing for us to do.4.作定语的不定式短语与所修饰名词间有动宾关系，又与句中另一名词或代词有主谓关系时，用不定式主动形式表被动含义。如：He has a lot of work to do.She gave me some bread to eat.5.to blame, to let等不定式只用主动形式。如：This apartment is to let.He is to blame.6.with复合结构后用主动形式表被动含义。如：With a lot of work to do, he cannot have a good rest.四、V-ing形式V-ing形式由动词原形+ing构成。V-ing形式起到名词、形容词或副词的作用，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语或宾语补足语，但不能单独构成谓语。（一）V-ing形式的作用：1.作主语如：Teaching students is a teachers job.Studying English is important注V-ing形式作主语表示通常的情况，在It is no use /good, not any use /good, a waste of time , useless,等后必须用V-ing形式。如：It is no use arguing with her about it.2.作宾语（1）作及物动词宾语：如：Would you mind my sitting here?We suggest going out for a picnic on Sunday. （2）作介词宾语如：We look forward to seeing you again. （3）在worth, busy等形容词后面如：This book is well worth reading. 注 （1）只用V-ing作宾语的动词有：admit, forgive, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, mind, give up, imagine, appreciate, include, keep, dislike, mention, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk , suggest, cant help（禁不住）, cant stand（忍不住）understand,deny,forgive等。（2）用V-ing作宾语的短语有：look forward to, devote to, stick to, be used to(习惯于), object to, have difficulty /trouble /problem ( in), thank you for, have a good/ wonderful /hard time( in) , be busy, be worth, theres no use /good /need , feel/look /seem like, get down to, insist on, fail in 等。3.作表语如：My job is teaching. （解释说明主语）The news is encouraging.（描绘主语作用）4.作定语：如：The swimming pool is very deep. （表用途）The running person is a doctor. （表正在进行）5.作宾语补足语和主语补足语表示感觉的动词 see, notice, hear, feel , watch, look at, observe, listen to, smell, find (发觉)以及表示“使、让”的动词 get, have, keep, send等动词后常接V-ing作宾补，如果把这些动词用于被动语态，则V-ing形式作主补。如：We heard her singing that song, when we passed by.（宾补）She was heard singing that song.（主补）6.作状语V-ing形式作状语时可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等，相当于状语从句。（1）表示时间如：Walking in the street(=When she was walking), she saw an old friend of hers.Having admitted that he came from a family of French nobles, Charles was thrown into prison.(=When /After Charles had admitted that he came from a family of French nobles, he)（2）表示原因如：Being ill, I didnt go to school. (= Because/As I was ill, I didnt go to school)注 “being +名词/形容词”位于句首，通常是作原因状语，不可把它用作时间状语。（3）表示伴随情况或方式如：My father sat at the desk watching TV. (=My father sat at the desk and was watching TV.)（4）表示条件如：Turning to the left, you will find the hospital. (=If you turn to the left, you )（5）表示结果（自然结果）如：The train was caught in a storm, causing the delay.(= The train was caught in a storm so that it caused the delay.)（二）动名词的复合结构V-ing做主语或宾语时，一般情况下其逻辑主语为句子的主语，如果需要自己的逻辑主语时，要用物主代词（如：his, my等）、名词所有格（如：Toms等）或人称代词宾格（如：him, me等）、普通格（如：Tom等）+ V-ing，但在句首必须用物主代词或名词所有格。如：Do you mind my/me smoking here ?Im looking forward to my husbands / my husband coming back. His coming made us happy.Helens crying annoyed us.五、过去分词过去分词是另一种非谓语动词形式，一般由动词+ed构成。在句中起到形容词或副词的作用，可作表语、定语、状语或宾语补足语。过去分词的作用：1.作定语过去分词作定语表示动作或状态已完成或与被修饰词之间是被动关系。一般情况下，单个分词作定语，放在所修饰词之前；分词短语作定语，放在所修饰词的后面。例如：The lost book was found in the classroom.The teacher liked by the students is Mr. Smith.The ground was covered with fallen leaves.2.作状语过去分词作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随等情况，相当于状语从句。（1）表示时间如：Heated, water changes into steam. (=When it is heated, water changes into steam.)（2）表示条件如：Given more time, they could have done it better. (=If they had been given more time, they could have done it better.)（3）表示原因如：Inspired by what the teacher said, they decided to study hard. (=Since they were inspired by what the teacher said, they decided to study hard.)（4）表示伴随如：She entered the room, followed by her children. (=She entered the room and was followed by her children.)3.作表语过去分词作表语表示被动或句子主语所处的状态。如：The door is closed.4.作补语不及物动词的过去分词作补语表示完成，及物动词的过去分词作补语表示被动的意义。如：We found many trees fallen to the ground in the morning.（表完成）I often hear this song sung in English.（表被动）The old woman was found hit by a car. （表被动）The water was found boiled.（表完成） 六、非谓语动词句法功能的比较（一）动词不定式和V-ing形式做主语的区别不定式作主语多表示一个特定的、具体的、将来的动作，常可借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。V-ing作主语表示的动作比较抽象，或泛指习惯性的动作，在某些句型中用it作形式主语，如：It is no use/ no good/ useless如：To decide when we shall start is important. (=It is important to decide when we shall start.) Teaching is my job.It is no use playing games.（二）非谓语动词作表语的区别1.动词不定式作表语与作主语一样，多表示一个特定的、具体的、将来的动作。2.V-ing形式作表语：（1）起解释说明主语的作用（动名词），主表可颠倒：My job is teaching. 可转换成 Teaching is my job. （2）说明主语的性质或特征（现在分词），译成“令人的”，主表不颠倒。3.过去分词作表语表示被动或句子主语所处的状态，含有“感到”的意思，主表不颠倒。如：My wish is to become a teacher.My duty is cleaning the room. This news is inspiring.She was very excited.（三）非谓语动词作定语的区别与被修饰词之间的关系时间概念位置例句不定式有主谓、动宾或既不是主谓也不是动宾关系一般式表将来；进行式表与谓语动作同时发生；完成式表在谓语动词之前发生放在所修饰词之后例1、2动词ing形式动名词表示用途，无逻辑上的关系无放在所修饰词之前例3现在分词表示主动，含有主谓关系分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生一般情况，单个分词在所修饰词前，分词短语要后置例4、5过去分词表示被动，含有动宾关系分词动作发生在谓语动作之前，已完成同现在分词位置例6、7如：She has a lot of housework to do.She was the first student to get to school.This washing machine is expensive. The running boy is my student.The students studying English is LiPing.I saw a piece of broken glass.The singer loved by us is Liu Huan.（四）不定式、V-ing形式作宾语的区别:1. 有些动词只接不定式作宾语：如：agree, ask, promise, want, like, pretend等。（详见不定式作宾语）2. 有些动词或短语只接V-ing 作宾语: 如：admit, forgive, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, look forward to, devote to, stick to, be used to（习惯于）等。（详见V-ing形式作宾语）3. 有些词既可以接不定式也可以接V-ing作宾语：（1）意义基本相同：a. begin, start, like, love ,hate, prefer, continue等接不定式多指具体动作；动名词多指一般行为。b. need , want, require 当主语为物时接V-ing形式，可表被动；若接不定式需用被动式。如：The flower needs watering / to be watered.（2）意义不同：a. forget, remember, regret后接V-ing在时间上表示之前的事情，接不定式表示之后要发生的事情。forget to do忘记要去做某事(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事 (已做)如：I forgot to post the letter 我忘记邮这封信了.He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 remember to do 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)如：Remember to lock the door before leaving the classroom. 记着离开教室之前锁门。Dont you remember seeing the film before? 你不记得以前看过这部电影吗?regret to do对要做的事遗憾(未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔(已做)如：I regret to tell you that you failed the exam. 我很遗憾告诉你，你考试没有及格。I dont regret telling him the news. 我不后悔告诉他这个消息。b. go on doing/go on to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事go on doing 继续做原来做的事如：After he had finished reading the text, he went on to practise the piano. 读完课文后，他继续练习钢琴。He went on reading English after having a rest. 休息了一会之后，他接着读英语。c. mean doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing意味着如：I didnt mean to hurt you.我本不想伤害你。Getting up late means being late.晚起意味着迟到。d. stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事stop doing停止做某事如：They stopped to have a rest 他们停下来休息了一会。I must stop smoking 我必须戒烟了。e. cant help (to) do/ cant help doing cant help (to) do 不能帮忙做 cant help doing 禁不住做如：I cant help you to repair the house. 我不能帮助你修理房子了。On hearing the news, she couldnt help crying. 听到这个消息，她禁不住哭了起来。f. be afraid of doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果，doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”如：He was afraid to wake his wife. 他不敢去叫醒他妻子。He was afraid of waking his wife. 他生怕吵醒他妻子。g. be sure to do/ be sure of doing be sure to do一定会 be sure of doing 确信会如：Jack is sure to win the game. 杰克一定能取得比赛的胜利。（说话人的看法）Jack is sure of winning the game. 杰克确信自己会取得比赛的胜利。（主语对自己有把握）（五）非谓语动词作状语的区别1.不定式、V-ing和过去分词作状语比较原因目的结果方式让步时间伴随条件不定式V-ing形式过去分词2.V-ing形式作状语和过去分词作状语的区别：（1）V-ing形式和过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，但：a. V-ing形式作状语时，句子的主语与V-ing形式逻辑上有主谓关系。V-ing动作与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生用一般式doing, 如果V-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式having done。如：Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine. 相当于When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine. Having finished their work, they had a rest. 相当于After they had finished their work, they had a rest. b. 过去分词作状语时，多数情况下说明动