汽车离合器课程毕业设计外文文献翻译/中英文翻译/外文翻译

外文资料翻译  Automobile Clutch Nowadays the pioneers of the clutch disc, clutch disc is more pieces of it until 1925 later. The multi-gear clutch main advantage is that car started the clutch engagement is no impact on the smooth. Early in the design, layout design, according to slice pairs of a steel plate with a bronze blanks. Using the friction pair of pure metal, put them in oil, can achieve more satisfactory performance. As the power to combustion in mechanical transmission automobiles, clutch is as an independent assembly. The clutch is usually served in the engine and transmission, the active part between connected with engine flywheel, driven and transmission. Various types of cars for widespread adoption of friction clutch, in fact, is a kind of depend on their part, driven to relay the friction between the power and the separation. The major function of the clutch is cut off and the realization of the engine and transmission, to ensure smooth, stable car When the shift in the engine and transmission of separation, reduce transmission gear shift between the impact, Work in the dynamic load is larger, can limit the transmission of maximum torque, in order to prevent the transmission parts of a damaged by overload, Reducing effectively the transmission of the vibration and noise. In the early development of clutch structures, the most successful conical clutch. It was the prototype design in 1889 German Daimler company production of steel wheel on the car. It is to make the engine flywheel hole taper as clutch active. The taper clutch scheme continues to the middle of the twentieth century, when the manufacture, cone-shaped clutch friction relatively simple, easy to repair. It was used LuoMao friction material, leather belt, etc. Then have been hoof - drum clutch, its structure in the solid-bowl clingy reaches hoof. Hoof - drum clutch friction components with wood, leather belt is such, shoe - drum clutch weight is light cone clutch. Whatever tapered clutch or hoof - drum clutch, easy to cause the separation is not complete appear even Lord, follower cannot separate self-locking phenomenon. Years of practical experience and technical improvement makes people tend to preferred dry friction clutch single chip, because it has driven part of inertia, good heat, simple structure, convenient adjustment, compact size, etc, but also because completely in structure, already can take action to smooth, so now junction disc is widely used in large, medium and small various models. Now monolithic dry type clutch in structural design is quite perfect. Using the axial elastic platen, improve the clutch of comfort. The clutch platen assembly installed in reverse, prevent the transmission system of shock of torsional resonances, reduced the transmission system of noise and load. As the car comfort requirements, clutch in original basis has been obtained by car, by continuously improved by increasing the quality of the flywheel has double shock absorber, can turn better reduce transmission noise. Due to heavy clutch, commercial, engine power tends to large-scale increasing, but the size of the space increased clutch allows the use of limited, clutch, cool 1,  increase conditions to improve ability, preaching clutch torsion life-span, simplify the operation has become the development trend of the heavy clutch. In order to improve the ability of torsion, in heavy vehicles can be used on double dry type clutch. Theoretically, in the same radial dimensions, biplate clutch torsion ability and the service life is 2 times of single chip. But other objective factors, the actual effects of low value than others. In recent years, the wet clutch on technology improvement, some heavy cart in abroad and start using multiple wet clutch. Compared with dry type clutch, due to the use of the pump are forced cooling, friction surface temperature is lower than 93 degrees Celsius (not), therefore, long time also does not start sliding friction loss. Refer to the information at home and abroad were told that this clutch can use dry type clutch of 5-6 times, but the advantages of the wet clutch play must be in a temperature range, more than it can achieve a temperature range will play a negative effects. Now this technology is not perfect.  汽车离合器  当今使用的盘式离合器的始祖为多片盘式离合器，一直到 1925年以后它才问世。它最主要的优点为，当汽车起步时离合器能够平顺的结合，极少的减少冲击。在最早的设计当中，多片盘式离合器设计的按成对布置，每一个青铜盘片都对应着一钢盘片。使用金属的摩擦副，在油中浸着工作，能达到更好的性能。  在所有机械传动汽车中，把内燃机当做动力的，离合器存在的形式是独立的总成，它通常装在发动机和变速器中间，它的主动部分连接发动机飞轮，从动部分连接变速器。被汽车广泛运用的摩擦离合器，其实是依靠它的主、从动部分间的摩擦传递动力而且还能分离的结构。离合器的主要功能是断开和完成发动机与传动系稳定的接合 ，实现平稳起步汽车；可以再换挡时把发动机和传动系分离，缩减换档齿轮间的冲撞；当受到较大的动载荷，可以控制传动系承受的最大转矩，来预防传动系中零部件过载损坏；降低传动系中的振动以及噪声。  以往所研发离合器的结构，最成功的是锥形离合器。在 1889年德国戴姆勒公司制造的钢制车轮汽车上曾装载着它的原型。把发动机飞轮内孔做成锥体来当离合器的主动件。直到 20 世纪 20 年代中叶还继续使用此方案，以当时制造水平，制造锥形离合器较简单，容易修复摩擦面。曾以骆毛带、皮革带等为摩擦材料。那时曾出现过蹄 -鼓式离合器，其结构有利于在离 心力作用下使蹄紧贴鼓面。木块、皮革带等是蹄 -鼓式离合器的摩擦元件，蹄 -鼓式离合器比锥形离合器轻。两种离合器都容易分离不彻底更甚出现主、从动件无法分离的自锁现象。  经过人们年复一年的实践经验和技术改良，人们开始青睐单片干式摩擦离合器，因它众多的优点：从动部分转动惯量小、尺寸紧凑、结构简单、散热性好、调整方便、分离彻底，通过结构上采取改良措施，成功达成接合盘式平顺的目的，因而被广泛采用于各类车型中。  现如今单片干式离合器已有了完善的结构设计。从动盘具有轴向弹性，有效提高接合平稳性。在从动盘总成中装了扭转减振器， 使传动系统的扭转共振减到最小，缩小传动系统的噪声。  人们对汽车舒适性要求越来越高，使得离合器也不断改进，越来越多的乘务车采用双质量飞轮的扭转减振器，更好的降低了噪声。  重型离合器因为所用车型趋向大型化导致发动机功率不断加大，可是离合器所允许加大的尺寸空间是有限的，离合器的约束条件日益严格，导致离合器传扭能力的提高，延长使用寿命，操作简便，已成为重型离合器的发展趋势。为了能提高传扭能