连词的用法.docx

v分享到连词的用法一、概述连词（conjunction）是连接单词、短语或句子（包括从句与分句）的词。连词是虚词，在句子中一般不重读，不能单独作句子成分。Are we to have a meeting today or tomorrow?我们是今天开会，还是明天？（连接词）He did not come this morning but yesterday evening.他不是今天早晨来的，而是昨天晚上来的。（连接短语）She set out soon after dark and arrived home an hour later.她天黑后不久出发，一小时后到家。（连接短语）Were going to the bookstore in Johns car. You can come with us or you can meet us there later. 我们乘约翰的车去书店。要么你和我们一起去，要么以后到书店找我们。（连接句子）I dont know whether/if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。（连接句子）注意：连词在英语中的运用比在汉语中广泛得多。在汉语中常把两个或更多的词句等连起来而不用连词，但在英语中却很少有这种情况，这需要引起注意。二、连词的分类1、从本身含义及逻辑关系分类连词从本身含义及所连接的语言单位之间的逻辑关系，可分为并列连词和从属连词。（1）并列连词（Coordinating Conjunctions）并列连词是用来连接彼此并列的词、短语、从句或句子的词，常用的：and, or, but, for, therefore, not onlybut also等。（2）从属连词(Subordinating Conjunctions)从属连词是指连接从属关系的语言单位的词。常用的：when, before, after, since, until, so, as if等。从属连词通常引导名词性从句即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句（that, whether, if等）以及状语从句（when, while, though, because, if, so that等）。3、连词从句子结构形式上分类（1）简单连词：and, but, when, for等。（2）关联连词：bothand, neithernor, asas等。（3）短语连词：as if, so that等。（4）分词连词：considering, supposing等。三、并列连词并列连词可表示多种意义，但主要有四种，即表示并列、转折、选择、因果等。注意并列连词在句子中位置比较固定，定位于所连接的语言单位之间，两个并列连词不能并用,而可以与从属连词并用。1、表示并列关系的并列连词（1）并列连词and的用法 可以连接两个的词，多用于肯定句中。Go and fetch something to eat.（连接两个动词如go, come等表示目的）去取些吃的东西来。He started to shout and sing.他开始大叫并唱歌。Read it slowly and clearly.慢慢念，念清楚。The balloon flew higher and higher.气球越飞越高。You can meet teachers and students.你会见到许多老师和学生。Proper diet and exercise are important to health.适当的饮食和锻炼对健康很重要。连接两个句子，表示因果、对比、条件、假设、目的等。They didnt catch the bus, and had to stay in a hotel for the night.他们没赶上汽车，只好在旅馆过夜。（因果）Mary likes music and Lily is fond of sports.玛丽喜欢音乐，莉莉爱好体育运动。（对比）Work hard and you will succeed.（条件，前面部分常为祈使句）如果你努力工作，就会成功。One more week and well accomplish the task.再一星期，我们就完成任务。（条件）（2）并列连词bothand, not onlybut also, as well as的用法bothand意为：“不但而且； 既又”，是并列连词，可以并列主语、宾语、表语、状语、谓语等成分。并列主语时谓语动词用复数形式。Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。The secretary both speaks and writes Spanish.这位秘书不但能讲而且能写西班牙语。Both teaching and research work are making great strides.教学与科研都在大踏步前进。The delegates visited both New York and Boston.代表们既访问了纽约，又访问了波士顿。She both plays the piano and sings.她既会弹钢琴又会唱歌。Both she and the headmaster were pleased with the boy.她和校长都喜欢这个男孩。The situation both at home and abroad is in our favor.国内外形势对我们都很有利。not onlybut also意为：“不但.而且”，是并列连词，可以连接两个词，也可连接两个句子。其中，but also中的also可以省略。a.连接两个成分not onlybut also可以连接句中所有的成分，连接并列主语时，其谓语动词根据就近原则，与所靠近的成分保持数的一致。Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.不仅学生们津津有味地看着这部电影，而且他们的老师也是如此。He can speak not only French but (also) English.他不但会讲法而且会讲英语。He not only had seen the film but also remembered what he had seen.他不仅看过那部影片，而且记得影片的内容。b.并列两个句子not onlybut also可以连接两个句子，not only位于句首时， not only后的句子要倒装。Not only is he a scientist, but he is also a fighter.他不但是位科学家而且还是名战士。Not only was evrything he had taken away, but his citizenship.不仅他的一切被拿走，而且他的国籍也被取消。as well as 其连词作用，表示“同、和、也”等。The editors as well as the proofreaders are working overtime.编辑和校对者都在加班工作。I have read his novels as well as his plays.我读过他的小说和剧本。when并列连词，意为“就在那时”I was about to leave when the telephone rang.我刚想走，突然电话铃响了。We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.我们在户外一直玩到太阳下山, 那时天下起雨来了。2、表示转折关系的并列连词这类连词连接两个含义不同的甚至是反义的词、短语或分句。常见的还有yet(然而)，while(而)，however(可是)等。其中while与but的区别在于:while表示对比，而but表示意义正好相反。Learning the guitar isnt difficult ,but you have to practice.学弹吉它并不难，但你得练习。The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, but they will save us money in the long run. 改造城市需要花费很多的钱，但从长远来看还是省钱。Excuse me for breaking in, but I have some news for you.请原谅我冒然闯入，但我有消息告诉你。In some Asian countries , nodding the head means not “Yes”but “No”. 有些亚洲国家，点头并不表示“是”而是表示“不”。He was in deep trouble , yet he didnt lose heart.他深陷困境，然而他没有丧失信心。Rick was very successful. However, the last few years of his life were not happy ones.瑞克非常成功，然而他的晚年并不幸福。You like sports, while Id rather read.你喜欢体育而我却喜欢读书。They were surprised that a child should work out the problem,while they themselves couldnt.他们很吃惊一个孩子能把这个题解出来而他们却不能。She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact I was talking about my daughter. 她认为我是在谈论她的女儿，而事实上我在谈论我女儿。注意：notbut在连接主语时，谓语动词要按就近原则，与靠近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not the manager but the workers are hoping to do that.不是经理而是工人们希望那么做。Not you but I am a teacher.不是你而是我是老师。3、表示选择关系的并列连词此类并列连词主要有or, or else, eitheror, otherwise，neithernor, not nor等。（1）or的用法 可以连接两个的词，多用于否定或者疑问句中。主语的人称、数不一致时, 动词随着接近的主语而变化。John or you are in Class Two.约翰或者你在二班。He never smokes or drinks.他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。Will you have tea or coffee? 你喝茶还是喝咖啡？Are you leavening for Beijing by train or by plane?你是坐火车还是坐飞机去北京？She will be back either today or tomorrow.她不是今天回来，就是明天回来。 连接两个句子，常和else连用。Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?你愿意先喝咖啡还是我们谈正事。Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold. 穿上你的大衣，不然你会着凉。 He must pay the debt or else go to prison.他必须还债,否则就得去坐牢。Hurry up, or/or else well be late for the meeting.赶快，否则我们开会要迟到的。注意：or, or else, otherwise三者相比，or else语气较or强，而otherwise语气则最强。Make haste, or (else) youll be late.快点, 要不然就来不及了。Lets begin, otherwise, we will fall behind.我们这就开始吧，不然会落后的。I would like you to change this blouse, or else give me my money back.我想要你换掉这件衬衣，要不把钱退给我。or和and与否定词连用之谜先做下面三道题:用or或and填空，要求构成完全否定。l.Tom_Mary cannot speak Chinese.They did not speak Japanese clearly_correctly,either.汤姆和玛丽不会讲汉语，日语也讲得不清楚，不正确。2.The clock has no eyes_ears.And it has no mouth_ no legs,either. 时钟没有眼晴和耳朵，也没有嘴和腿。3.Man cant live without air_water.Thats to say,man will die without air_water. 没有空气和水，人就不生活，也就是说，没有空气和水，人就会死。说明:在否定句中，并列成分的列举通常用or连接构成完全否定，用and连接构成部分否定。但在中学英语课本中，否定词与and连用，有以下几种情况，仍构成完全否定:1.列举成分是主语，又在否定词之前，用and连接，而在否定词之后的列举成分用or构成完全否定，所以句1的答案是and，or。2.列举成分之前都有否定词时，用and连接，否则用or连接，也都构成完全否定，所以句2的答案是or，and。3.在否定句中，without之后若有列举成分用and连接，构成完全否定；而在肯定句中，without之后的列举成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定，故句3的答案应是and，or。再做如下练习，你心中之谜就可以迎刃而解了。（2）eitheror, neithernor, not nor的用法 可以连接两个的词eitheror, neithernor, not nor等连接主语时，谓语动词也依据就近原则。Either my father or my brothers are coming. 不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。Either the coach or the players are responsible for the defeat.不是教练就是运动员对这次失败负有责任。He does not ride, nor shoot, nor fish .他既不爱好骑马，也不爱好射击、钓鱼。连接两个句子，当neither, nor放句首时，该句倒装。Either we go now or we remain here forever.要么我们现在走，要么我们永远在这呆下去。Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory.理论没有实践不行, 实践没有理论也不行。Mrs. Smith doesnt smoke, neither/nor does her husband.史密斯夫人不抽烟，她丈夫也不。4、表示因果关系的并列连词这类连词常见的有so(因此)，for(因为)，therefore(因此)等。并列连词for表示原因，用以附加说明。这个词引导的分句必须放在第一个分句之后。（1）for的用法 for可以表示原因，但引起的不是从句，而是分句，对前面的情况加以解释，有逗号把它和前面的分句分开，在书面语中用的较多。I apologized to her , for I had wronged her.我向她道歉了，因为我错怪了她。The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.商店相当新，因为它一星期前才开业。He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧。比较：for 和 because 在表示“原因”的时候意思基本相同, 一般可以互相代用。for可以表示原因又可以用于提出说明, 语气比because轻得多。Because引导的从句一般放在主句后, 有时也可放在主句前, 而for引导的句子只能放在后面。另外在回答Why的问句时, 只能用because不能用for。再者, for不能跟not.but这一结构连用。I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it. (正)我做这件事，不是因为我喜欢，而是因为我不得不这样做。I did it not for I liked it but for I had to do it. (误)（2）so的用法so 表示结果，意为“因此，所以，于是”。These buildings were over 50 years old, so they were not strong enough. 这些建筑物已有50多年的寿命，因此不够坚固。It was late, so we went home.天晚了, 所以我们就回家去了。He was sick, so they were quiet.他病了, 所以他们 很安静。（3）therefore的用法therefore意为“因此, 所以”，语气比较代气，多放在分句或句子的前面。It was rather late, so we decided to go home.天相当晚了，因此我们决定回家。Good technique in medicine means less pain and fewer deaths,therefore it is our duty to master it.治疗中采用先进的技术就意味着减少痛苦与死亡，因此掌握先进的技术是我们的职责。He broke the law ,therefore he was put into prison.他违犯了法律，因此被投入监狱。四、从属连词从属连词分为两大类，即引导状语从句的从属连词和引导名词性从句的从属连词。1、引导状语从句的从属连词英语中大多数从属连词用来引导状语从句，并且引导的状语从句位置比较灵活，大多位于主句之前或之后皆可，位于主句之前时通常用逗号隔开。从引导状语从句的连词的意义来看，可分为引导时间、原因、结果、目的、让步、条件等名种从句的连词。（1）引导时间状语从句的从属连词此类连词主要有：when, while, after, before, as, as soon as , now(that), until, till, once, since,whenever, no sooner.than, hardly/barely/scarcely.when等。When I got to the theatre, I found that they had sold all the tickets.当到达剧院时，我发现票已售完。We should strike while the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。Since he entered the university, he has made great progress in his studies.进入大学以来，他在学业上已经取得了很大进步。They kept on working until it became dark.他们一直工作到天黑。Once you begin , you must go on. 你一旦开始，就必须继续下去。You seem to have a ready-made answer, whenever I ask you a question.每逢我问你问题, 你总好象有现成的答案。Now (that) you are here, youd better stay.你既然来了，那就不要走了。No sooner had they got to the field than it began to rain.他们刚到田里就开始下雨了。Hardly had he set foot on his native land when he felt comfortable.他一踏上祖国的土地就感到心情舒畅。注意：no sooner, hardly等位于句首时需用倒装语序。every time, each time, next time, the last time, the moment等，引导句子其作用相当于一个时间状语从句。She felt a thrill the moment she got into the theatre.她一进剧场就感到一种激动。Every time he got to Beijing, he came to see me.每次他来北京，他都来看我。（2）引导原因状语从句的从属连词此类连词主要有because, as, since, now(that)，等。because引导的从句表示产生某种结果的必然的因果关系，语气较重，可回答why问句；since语气较轻，常位于句首；as则语气最轻。We couldnt cross the river because the water had risen.水已经上涨了，所以我们没能过河。Since everyone is here, lets begin.既然大家都来了，我们就开始吧。I must stop writing now, as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了，因为我还有许多工作要做。Now that youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. 既然你有了这个机会，你可以充分的利用它了。The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for the country.因为这个意大利男孩为国家献出了生命，所以他被誉为英雄。Why use wood when you can use plastic?既然能用塑料, 为什么还要用木料?（3）引导让步状语从句的从属连词此类连词主要有although, though, as, even if, even though,no matter what等。Though my father is old,yet he wants to do something for our country.我爸虽然老了，可他还要为国家做点事。Even if there are difficulties， we must do it well.即使有困难，我们也要把工作做好。Young as I am,I know some of the family secrets.尽管我年龄小，我知道一些家庭秘密。Nobody believed him no matter what he said.不管他说什么每人相信他。Much as I have travelled,I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John. 虽然我去了很多地方，但是我从来没有见过像约翰这么能干的人。（4）引导条件状语从句的从属连词此类连词主要有if, unless, as/so long as, supposing等。If we go on polluting the world ,it wont be fit for to live in.如果我们继续污染这个世界，那么这个世界就会不适合我们生活了。You will fail unless you work hard.除非努力你才不会失败。You can go out as/so long as you promise to be back soon.只要你保证很快回来，你就可以出去。What shall we do supposing he wont agree?假定他不同意，我们怎么办？The WTO cannot live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind如果世贸组织不能容纳占世界人口五分之一的国家，那它就名不符实。You will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不马上走，你要迟到了。Unless he comes, we wont be able to go.他不来我们不能走。（5）表示行为方式的从属连词表示行为方式的从属连词主要有as，as if/though等。When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.当把铅笔一部分放到水里时，铅笔看上去就像断了。We did as he told us. 我们照他叮嘱的做了。He spoke as though he knew the question very well.他说得好像对这个问题知道得很清楚。注意：以as if引导的状语从句，其谓语动词常用虚拟语气。与现在相反的情况用过去时，与过去相反的情况用过去完成时。I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.整个事情我都记得,就好像此事发生在昨天。He spoke like that as if he had been there before.他那样说好像他从前去过那里似的。（6）表示目的的从属连词表示目的的从属连词主要有that, so that，in order that等。I hurried so that I wouldnt be late for class. 为了上课不迟到我们赶紧走。John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. 约翰把大家关在厨房外边，是为了能够为晚会烹饪出人意料的饭菜。John saved his money in order that he might buy a bicycle.约翰为了买一辆自行车而把钱节省下来。Bring it nearer that I may see it better.把它拿近一些, 以便使我看得比较清楚。Speak slowly so that we can follow you.讲得慢些以便我们能跟得上你。（7）表示结果的从属连词表示结果的从属连词，主要有that，so.that，so that，such.that等。They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else. 他们彼此见到面，高兴得把别的事情都忘记了。It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.天气非常寒冷， 以至于街上没有任何人。It is so cold that all the water pipes have frozen.天太冷，所有的水管都冻住了。His behaviour was such that we all refused to receive him in our homes.他的品行是如此的坏, 我们都拒绝在家里招待他。（8）表示比较的从属连词表示比较的从属连词主要有than，as等John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 约翰踢足球和大维比如果不比他好的话，至少和他踢得一样好。I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想汉语比其他任何科目都更受欢迎。Do you think that art is as interesting as music?你认为美术与音乐一样有趣吗?（9）表示地点的从属连词表示地点的从属连词主要有where，wherever等。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again. 你应当养成习惯，将东西放在你能找到的地方。After the war, a new school building was put up where there once had been a theatre. 战后，在以前的剧院处建了一所新学校。Leave her where she is. 把她留在原地。You can take it with you wherever you go.你不论去哪里，都可随身携带它。2、引导名词性从名的从属连词引导名词性从句的词多是连接代词和连接副词，从属边词主要有that，whether, if。（1） 由从属连词that，whether，if引导这类连词引导名词性从句时只起连接作用，在从句中不担任任何成分。We all know that the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。（宾语从句）Im sorry that you cant come.很遗憾你不能来。（宾语从句）My idea is that we should stick to our plan.我的意见是我们应当坚持我们的计划。（表语从句）I want to know whether/if he will come back soon.我想知道他是否能很快回来。（宾语从句）Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.这会给我们带来坏处还是好处尚需拭目以待。（主语从句）The question is whether the book is worth reading.问题是这本书是否值得一读。（表语从句）（2）由连接代词引导连接代词除了可以起连接作用外，还可以在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。连接代词主要有who，whom，whose，which，what, whatever, whoever, whomever等。Do what he or she tells you to do.按照他/她所告诉你的去做。What is needed is a change in land ownership.需要做的事就是改变土地的所有制。What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.他在会议上的发言使入会者大吃一惊。Can you tell me who that gentleman is? 你能告诉我那位先生是谁么？They want to know what they can do to help us.他们想知道怎样帮助我们。They eat whatever they can find. 他们找到什么就吃什么？Whoever comes will be welcomed.无论谁来都会受到欢迎。（3）由连接副词引导连接副词除了起连接作用外，还在从句中作状语。连接副词主要有when，where，how，why等。I remember when this used to be a quiet village.我记得那时候这是一个安静的村庄。Would you please tell me how I can get to the airport? 请告诉我怎样去机场？I dont know where we are going to have this meeting.我不知道我们到什么地方去开这次会议。Trytofinishyourworkbeforeyouleave.离开前设法把工作做完。 Afterwehavefinishedtea,wewillsitonthegrass.喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 (3)表示或直到的时间连词。主要的有since,until,till如：Shesbeenplayingtennissinceshewaseight.她从八岁起就打网球了。HoldonuntilIfetchhelp.坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙。 Nevertroubletroubletilltroubletroublesyou.(谚)不要无事惹事。(4)表示一就”的时间连词。主要的有assoonas,themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,nosoonerthan,hardlywhen等。如：IllletyouknowassoonasIhearfromher.我一接她的信就通知你。ThemomentIhavefinishedIllgiveyouacall.我一干完就给你打电话。IcameimmediatelyIheardthenews.我一听到这个消息，马上就来了Onceyoubeginyoumustcontinue.你一旦开始便不可停下来。(5)表示上次”下次每次等的时间连词。主要的有everytime(每次)，eachtime(每次)(the)nexttime(下次)，anytime(随时)，(the)lasttime(上次)，thefirsttime(第一次)。如Illtellhimaboutit(the)nexttimeIseehim.我下一次见到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。Weloseafewskincellseverytimewewashourhands.每当我们洗手的时候，我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。Youcancallmeanytimeyouwantto.你随时都可以给我打电话。注意：everytime,eachtime,anytime前不用冠词，(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime中的冠词可以省略，而thefirsttime中的冠词通常不能省略。2.引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if,unless,assolongas,incase等。如：DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?我开窗你不介意吧? DontcomeunlessItelephone.除非我打电话，否则你别来。Aslongasyourehappy，itdoesntmatterwhatyoudo.只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。Incaseitrainstheywillstayathome.万一下雨，他们就呆在家里。注意：在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的if之后可能用will但那不是将来时态而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如：Ifyouwillsitdownforafewmoments,Illtellthemanageryourehere.请稍坐我这就通知经理说您来了。3.引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有inorderthat,sothat,incase,forfear等。如：Heraisedhisvoicesothateveryonecouldhear.他提高了嗓音，以便每个人都能听见。Takeyourumbrella(just)incaseitrains.带上雨伞，以防下雨。Sherepeatedtheinstructionsslowlyinorderthatheshouldunderstand.她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。4.引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有sothat,sothat,suchthat等。如：IwenttothelectureearlysothatIgotagoodseat.我去听演讲去得很早所以找个好座位。IhadsomanyfallsthatIwasblackandblu