考研英语阅读突破——理解主旨要义.doc

来源：凯程考研集训营，资料获取、课程辅导咨询凯程老师考研英语阅读突破理解主旨要义阅读涉及到的具体题型有几类，命题人对考生该能力的考查最直接体现在主旨大意题上，平均每年考查数量是2-3道，其难度不高，属于必得分点;但是考生千万不要因此而放松这种能力的锻炼，因为，理解主旨要义更重要的意义在于，把握了文章的主旨大意，考生才能进行有效阅读，才能准确的区分论点论据，不至于被淹没到大量的细枝末节中;而每篇阅读理解文章题目的命制都是围绕文章的主旨要义，近90%的题目都间接考查到了理解主旨要义。因为英语阅读考查的核心是考察考生对所阅读文章的理解能力，而这一点是通过对文章中心的理解加以体现，所以主旨题之外的其他题型也是对文章中心的一个侧面说明，因此我们说90%以上的阅读题目在答题时要以中心为导向，同时兼顾原文的忠实性。1) 如何确定文章主旨要义考研阅读文章主旨要义的确定方法相对固定。其具体应对方法如下：a 关注文章各段首句，尤其是第一段首句。这一点充分体现了西方人的思维习惯对语言的影响，西方人属于直线式思维模式，习惯于开门见山的表达自己的观点，然后通过各种论述方法论证自己的观点。因此通常情况下，文章首段首句是文章的中心句，各段首句是段落中心句。Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project(2001年真题)In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers(2003年真题)Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English(2005年真题)b 关注文章首段末句或是第二段首句。这类文章一个显著的特点是，作者先说明一个现象或讲述一个事件;在该段末，作者针对这个根据现象提出相应的观点。这类文章的首段有一个显著的特点，作者在说明现象和讲述事件的时候通常使用描述性语言和记叙性语言;而在段末句或是第二段首句出现的文章论点通常是议论性语言。Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage - spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well(2003年真题)When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans(2006年真题)If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.(2007年真题)c 注文章首段或其他段落中表示转承，因果的句子。通常情况下，首段出现这样的句子,要么是中心句，要么与中心密切相关;而在文章其他段落出现这样的句子通常为段落主旨句。A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide - the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic(2001年真题)It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death - and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours(2003年真题)Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet(2004年真题)Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad(2006年真题)2) 如何运用文章的主旨要义解题a主旨大意题第一步 确认题目类型。 主旨大意题的提问方式相对固定，基本上有三类：what is the best title for the text?( 文章最恰当的标题是什么);whats the passage 文章主要讨论了(关于)什么;The text intends to express the idea that文章打算表达什么想法;第二步 判断文章中心句，主旨大意或是文章的中心词。正确答案是对文章中心句的同义替换;第三步 代回原文， 检测答案。 主旨大意题的答案如同一个“帽子”，尺寸正好符合文章，反之，如果所选标题范围太大或太小，会出现文章支撑不起“帽子”或是“帽子”太小，不能把整篇文章涵盖进去。It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death - and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.(2003年真题)60. The text intends to express the idea that _.A medicine will further prolong peoples livesB life beyond a certain limit is not worth livingC death should be accepted as a fact of lifeD excessive demands increase the cost of health care解答过程：首先，透过题目的提问方式，可以确定这是一道主旨大意题;然后，我们通读文章首段，发现有一个转折句But not even a great health-care system can cure death - and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.但是再伟大的医疗体系也不能治愈死亡，我们未能认识到这个现实正威胁着我们在医疗方面的伟大成就。这句话暗含的意思是我们需要正确面对死亡。C选项正好是对这句话的同义替换。A选项只在第一段有相关表达;B选项内容只在第三四段出现;而D选项未在原文出现，属于无中生有。b宏观指导其他类型题目的解答确定文章的主旨大意除了解答主旨大意题外，也可以辅助解答其他类型的题目。第一，其他题目的正确答案必须和文章中心相关，同时这些答案的感情基调必须和文章中心体现的感情基调一致;第二，文章主旨大意和它所带有的感情基调是检验题目解答是否正确的有效手段。When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “Im a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.Even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound any alarm