TOFEL课程4.doc

Lesson 4房间:地点描述,注意方位顺序n My favorite room is my living room. Its rectangular with the door on the left side of the south wall. In the wall opposite the door is a picture window. Below the window is a sofa. A rectangular coffee table is in front of sofa. Facing the sofa are two armchairs. An abstract painting is on the west wall. Along the east wall you will see a long cabinet with a vase of flowers on it. This bright and uncluttered room is my best place to hide from outside world to make me relax, think freely, and live comfortably.Object: 物体(重要性,珍贵性与有用性)n 看懂题目很重要n 区别概念是前提n 找好点后选论据n 丝丝扣着题目说Magazine, Novel, and Poemn Magazine: 1. Economist 经济学人 Harvard Business Review 哈佛商业评论2. New Yorker 纽约客, Readers Digest 读者3. Times 时代周刊, London Book Review伦敦书评4. Newsweek 新闻周刊5. Scientific American 科学美国人6. Elle, Cosmo politician, Bazaar. n 杂志的特点:1. 出版周期长，态度观点突出 Long Periodicals, Pointy attitude2. 市场细分性强 Certain, fixed, loyal reader groups3. 重复阅读性和保持价值 Strong readability and the value of storage4. 高品质 Paper and pictures in high qualityPoem:n To see the world in a grain of sand,n and a heaven of a wild flower.n Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,n and eternity in an hour.n 一沙一世界，n 一花一天堂。n 双手握无限， n 刹那是永恒。 -William BlakePercy Bysshe Shelleyn Ode to the West Windn Vn The trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind,n If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?n Walt Whitmann Leaves of Grassn Poetry (from the Greek , poiesis, a making or creating) is a form of art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its ostensible meaning. Poetry may be written independently, as discrete poems, or may occur in conjunction with other arts, as in poetic drama, hymns or lyrics.n Poetry, and discussions of it, have a long history. Early attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotles Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from prose. From the mid-20th century, poetry has sometimes been more loosely defined as a fundamental creative act using language.n Poetry often uses particular forms and conventions to expand the literal meaning of the words, or to evoke emotional or sensual responses. Devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. Poetrys use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly, metaphor and simile create a resonance between otherwise disparate imagesa layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between individual verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm.n Some forms of poetry are specific to particular cultures and genres, responding to the characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. While readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante and Goethe may think of it as being written in rhyming lines and regular meter, there are traditions, such as those of Du Fu and Beowulf, that use other approaches to achieve rhythm and euphony. In todays globalized world, poets often borrow styles, techniques and forms from diverse cultures and languages.n Inventions:n World Wide Web-Advantages: www and .com1. Email and letter2. MSN and International call3. Different shopping mall and e-shopping with comments coming from different cyber buyers4. E and visual market5. The World Wide Web (or the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks. The Web was created around 1990 by the Englishman Sir Tim Berners-Lee and the Belgian Robert Cailliau working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of Web standards (such as the markup languages in which Web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a Semantic Web.Comedy, Drama and Musicalsn Comedy:1. The word Comedy has a classical meaning (comical theatre) and a popular one (the use of humor with an intent to provoke laughter in general). 2. In the theater, its Western origins are in ancient Greece tragedy, a genre characterized by a grave fall from grace by a protagonist having high social standing. Comedy, by contrast, portrays a conflict or agon (Classical Greek ) between a young hero and an older authority, a confrontation described by Northrop Frye as a struggle between a society of youth and a society of the old. A more recent development is to regard this struggle as a mere pretext for disguise, a comical device centered on uncertainties regarding the meaning of social identity. The basis of comedy would then be a plot mechanism conceived to engender misunderstandings either about a heros identity or about social being in general.3. Screwball Comedy derives its humor largely from bizarre, surprising (and improbable) situations or characters. Black comedy is defined by dark humor that makes light of so called dark or evil elements in human nature. Similarly scatological humor, sexual humor, and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comedic ways. A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society (usually upper class society) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members. Romantic Comedy is a popular genre that depicts burgeouning romance in humorous terms and focuses on the foibles of those falling in love.4. In common, present day usage the word comedy almost always refers to the creation or presentation of humor with the intention of provoking laughter. Most comedy contains variations on the elements of surprise, incongruity, conflict, repetitiveness, and the effect of opposite expectations, but there are many recognized genres of comedy. Satire and political satire use ironic comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, thus alienating their audience from the object of humor. Parody borrows the form of some popular genre, artwork, or text but uses certain ironic changes to critique that form from within (though not necessarily in a condemning way). Dramas:n Dramas can be performed in various media: improvisation, live performance, radio, film and-or television. Closet dramas are works written in the same form as plays (with dialogue, scenes, and stage directions), but meant to be read rather than staged; examples include the plays of Seneca, Manfred by Byron, and Prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelley. Other dramatic literature may not resemble plays at all, such as the Imaginary Conversations of Walter Savage Landor. Drama is also often combined with music and dance, such as in opera which is sung throughout, musicals which include spoken dialogue and songs, or plays that have musical accompaniment, such as the Japanese Noh drama.n Improvisational drama, a form of improvisational theatre, is drama that has no set script, in which the performers take their cues from one another and the situations (sometimes established in advance) in which their characters find themselves to create their own dialogue as they perform. Improvisational drama is made up on the spot using whatever space, costumes or props are available.n Musicals:n Musical theatre is a form of theatre combining music, songs, spoken dialogue and dance. The emotional content of the piece humor, pathos, love, anger as well as the story itself, is communicated through the words, music, movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole.n Musical theatre works, usually referred to as musicals, are performed around the world. They may be presented in large venues, such as big budget West End and Broadway theatre productions in London and New York City, or in smaller Off-Broadway or regional productions, on tour, or by amateur groups in schools, theatres and other performance spaces. In addition to Britain and the U.S., there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in Germany, Austria, France, Canada, Japan, Eastern Europe, Australia, and other places.n Some famous musicals include Oklahoma!, The Sound of Music, West Side Story, Les Misrables, Cats, The Phantom of the Opera, Rent, and The Producers.n Car:n An automobile (also motor car or simply car) is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goodsn A bicycle, bike, or cycle, is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other.n First introduced in 19th-century Europe, bicycles now number over one billion worldwide,1 providing the principal means of transportation in many regions, notably China and the Netherlands. They are also a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use in many other fields of human activity, including childrens toys, adult fitness, military and police applications, courier services, and cycle sports.n The jet aircraft was developed in Germany in 1931. The first jet was the Heinkel He 178, which was tested at Germanys Marienehe Airfield in 1939. In 1943 the Messerschmitt Me 262, the first jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German Luftwaffe. In the early 1950s, only a few years after the first jet was produced in large numbers, the De Havilland Comet became the worlds first jet airliner, but was removed from service due to structural inadequacies discovered after numerous pressurization and depressurization cycles.n Jet aircraft make use of turbines for the creation of thrust. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine. As a consequence, they have greater weight capacity and fly faster than propeller driven aircraft. One drawback, however, is that they are noisy; this makes jet aircraft a source of noise pollution. However, turbofan jet engines are quieter, and they have seen widespread usage partly for that reason.n Most Wide-body aircraft can carry hundreds of passengers and several tons of cargo, and are able to travel for distances up to 17 thousand kilometers. Aircraft in this category are the Boeing 747, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Airbus A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380, Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, McDonnell Douglas DC-10,