初一英语语法总结.doc

总结课时一：人称代词和be动词的用法主 格 宾 格形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 第一人称单数 Imemymine 第二人称单数youyouyouryours第三人称单数hesheithimherithisherits hishersits第一人称复数we usourours第二人称复数youyouyouryours第三人称复数theythemtheirtheirs 1、I后面一定只加am2、It、he、she作主语时后面加iswas3、当主语为不可数名词时后面加iswas4、主语为单数时后面加iswas, 如：one apple, a pen,等。名字Tom、国家Chiana、USA、地点等作主语时后面接iswas5、当主语为we、they、you、复数名词，以及“and”连接的两者或多者一起构成的主语时，be动词用arewere课时二：名词的单复数变化一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes 西红柿, potatoes马铃薯，黑人英雄（hero）在土豆（tomato）地里种西红柿（potato）后加es五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese七）、合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers八）特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen课时三：动词以及第三人称单数什么是第三人称单数？一、人称代词he, she, it是第三人称单数。如： He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语；是第三人称单数。如： Han Mei looks like her mother. 韩梅看起来像她的母亲。三、单数可数名词或this / that / the+单数可数名词作主语时，是第三人称单数。如：A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。四、不定代词someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something等及指示代词this, that作主语时，是第三人称单数。如： Everyone is here. 大家到齐了。五、不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。如： The milk is in the glass. 牛奶在玻璃杯里。六、当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。如： 6 is a lucky number. 6是个吉利数字。当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数复数那样加s，如下：一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has 动词的现在分词当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning课时四：形容词的比较级和最高级形容词的比较级和最高级我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下：一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter shortest, taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nicest二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母1个辅音字母结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三） 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest四）特殊情况good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill worse worstlittle- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest五）其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most carefulmorecarefulmostcarefuldifficultmoredifficultmostdifficult deliciousmoredeliciousmostdelicious用法1、 原级（同级）比较：asas; not as(so)as，如果中间加的是形容词则要用原形 She isnt as(so)active in sports as before. He is as tall as my brother2. 比较级：表示两者之间比 更可用状语much, a little, even等修饰： He made fewer mistakes than I did.He is even richer than I.3、 高级：形容词最高级前必须加the, 副词最高级前常省略the，后面多用of， in短语表示范围：It was the most/least interesting story I have ever listened.He is the tallest of the three.4、 如果在两者之间表示“最”时要在比较级前加the，而且还用of the two, of the pair短语：John is the clever of the two boys.Of the two boys, John is the clever5、 the more. the more.表示“越越”More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language6、 more and more.表示“越来越”The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.The more food you eat, the fatter you are3、用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。John is taller than any other boy in the class.John is the tallest boy in the class.课时五：陈述句以及肯定句变为否定句的方法1.陈述句肯定陈述句：主语+动词（be、情态动词、系动词）+其他 a) This is a book. (be动词)b) He looks very young. (连系动词)c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)e) Theres a computer on my desk. (There be结构)否定陈述句：结构：1、主语+be情态动词+not+其他2、主语+助动词+not+动词原形+其他a) These arent their booksb) They dont look nice.c) Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate cant find her doll.e) There isnt a cat here. (=Theres no cat here.)肯定句变为否定句的方法1、句中有be动词的，在be动词后加not；2、句中有情态动词的（can ,should，must ，would），在情态动词后面加not；3、句中没有be动词和情态动词的，在动词前加dont或doesnt ； 一般现在时中加dont .如： I like apples. I dont like apples. 事态为一般现在时，句中动词为三单式的，加doesnt，并将三单式的动词还原成原形。如：He likes apples. He doesnt like apples.时态为过去时的,要加didnt 而且动词过去式要改为原形,例:I went to school yesterday .I didnt go to school yeaterday .4、肯定句中的some在否定句中应改为any 如：There are some students in the classroom. There are not any students in the classroom.课时六：一般疑问句一、一般疑问句的结构：be / have （情态动词）/ 助动词+主语+谓语(表语)Is she interested in singing? 她有兴趣唱歌吗?Have you ever been to Japan? 你到过日本吗?Can you swim? 你会游泳吗？Does she often go shopping? 她经常去购物吗?Did you go to the park yesterday? 你昨天有没有去公园吗？二、陈述句变一般疑问句的方法首先，我们要把动词分类，在初中阶段，动词有以下三类：每一类：be动词，第二类：情态动词，如have ,can ,may ,should ,must, could,might,shall. 第三类：行为动词，也就是实意动词。最后要注意的是一些词，如第一人称要改为第二人称，Iyou ,weyou,myyour，someany，1、动词be的疑问式：一律将动词be的适当形式置于句首：（1）I am twelve. Are you twelve?你是12岁吗？ 2.情态动词：如can ,may ,should ,must, could,might,shall.将情态动词置于句首 (1)You can speak English. Can you speak English? 你会说英语吗？(2)I must finish the work at once. Must I finish the work at once? 我必须马上完成工作吗？3.实意动词的疑问式：含有一般实意动词的陈述句，通常应根据不同时态和人称在句首加助动词do, does, did等.一般现在时用do ,does, (第一人称，第二人称，所有的复数人称用do,第三人称单数用does), 一般过去时用did.(1)I go to school from Monday to Friday.Do you go to school from Monday to Friday? 你周一到周五都上学吗？（2）They come to school by bus.Do they come to school by bus ? 他们是坐公车上学吗？三、一般疑问句的回答 一般疑问句 肯定回答 否定回答a) Is Jim a student? Yes, he is no, he isnt b) Can I help you? Yes, cant no, you can notc) Does she like salad? Yes, she does no, she doesntd) Do they watch TV? Yes ,they do no, they donte) Is she reading? Yes, she is no, she isnt1、由Be动词来问，也由Be 动词来回答be : am is areAm I a teacher? Yes,you are . No,you arent.Is he Tom? Yes,he is . No,he isnt.2、由助动词do, does, did, will提问，也用它们来回答Do you have a book? Yes,I have. No, I havent.Does he have a pen? Yes,he does. No,he doesnt. 3、情态动词，用can 问，也用它来答Can you sing? Yes,I can. No,I cant.Can he swim? Yes,he can. No,he cant. Did you lost your way? Yes,I did. No,I didnt.Will he go to the zoo? Yes,he will. No,he Wont.4、特殊情况Must I go to school? Yes,you have to. No,you neednt.课时七：特殊疑问句疑问句意思用法例句划线举例when什么时间问时间When do you go to Beijing?I read the book two years ago.who谁问人Who is that woman?Li Hui is his brotherwhose谁的问主人Whose book is this?Julias father is a worker.where在哪里问地点Where is the cinema?They are singing in the tree.which哪一个问选择Which bag is yours?The boy in blue is my cousin.why为什么问原因Why are you so excited?Because she likes dogs.what什么问东西/事情What can you see?He does his homework at night.what time什么时间问点时间What time is it now?She begins her classes at nine.what/how about .怎么样问意见What/how about you?She likes singing. _ _you?what day星期几问星期What day is it today?Today is Sunday.what date什么日期问具体日期Whats the date today?Tomorrow is July 31.how怎么样问情况/程度/方式/手段How do you feel?She goes to school on foot.He likes English very much.how old(年龄)多大问年龄How old are you?She is ten years old.how long/多长/问长度/一段时间How long is your ruler?The river is 15 miles.The meeting lasted for two hours.how big(体积)多大问大小How big is the elephant?My room is 25 square metres.how many多少（数量）问数量可数How many pencils do you have?There are three people in my family.how much多少（价钱）多少（数量）问价钱问数量不可数How much is your shirt?My shirt is 10 dollars.There is little milk in the bottle.How often多久一次问频率How often does he go jogging?He goes bowling twice a week.How soon 还要多久问时间How soon will you finish your work?Julia will come back in three days.课时八：反义疑问句反义疑问句1) 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 arent I.2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。 I wish to have a word with you, may I?3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。 The Swede made no answer, did he / she? Some plants never blown (开花), do they ? 4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。 He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he? 5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用dont +主语（didnt +主语）。 We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we? 7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you? Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语。 He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?9) 陈述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldnt +主语。 Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you? 12) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。 Everything is ready, isnt it? 课时九：时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、一般将来时、一般过去时）一、一般现在时：1、现在的状态。2、经常或习惯性动作。3、真理。4、表示经常性习惯性。5、永久性的动作或存在的状态.结构：主语+助动词（dodoes）、be(am/is/are)、情态动词+其它例：Shes a worker. Is she a worker? She isnt a worker标志：often（经常）,usually（通常）,sometimes（有时）,always（总是）,neve（从不）,on Sundays（在星期天）, every day/month/year（每一天/月/年） Be 动词结构：主语+ be(am/is/are) +其它情态动词的一般现在时1、肯定句：任何主语+can/may/must+动词原形 2、否定句：主语+ cant/may not/ mustnt+动词原形 3、一般疑问句：Can/May/Must + 主语+ 动词原形？ I can play the piano. Can you play the piano?I cant play the piano 行为动词（1）主语（非第三人称单数）+行为动词原形+其他 （用助动词do 帮助构成否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问）（2）主语（第三人称单数）+行为动词的第三人称单数+其他（用助动词does 帮助构成否定句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句）They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They dont want to eat any tomatoes.二、现在进行时结构：主语+ Am/is/are+v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式1、表示说话时正在进行的动作常和now连用，有时用一个动词如look（看）、listen（听）来表示now（现在）这一时间概念。Look！Atrainiscoming.看！火车来了 Listen！Heisplayingthepiano.听！他在弹钢琴。2、可以用来代替将来时，但此时，一般要与表示将来的时间状语连用，而且仅限于少量动词。如：go（去）、come（来）、leave（离开）、start（开始）、arrive（到达）、return（返回）、sleep（睡觉）、AreyougoingtoTianjingtomorrow？3、begoingto+动词原形这一句型表示即将发生的事或打算（准备）做的事，我们把它归在将来时里了sheisntgoingtospeakatthemeeting.她不打算在会议上发言三、一般将来时1、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。2、标志：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year ) ,soon, in+一段时间, by,the day after tomorrow, this evening ,tonight等3、基本结构： will/shall动词原形表示将来发生的动作或将来存在的状态 表示一种倾向或一种固有特性或经常发生的动作Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ be going to动词原形标识即将发生的或最近打算进行的事 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。4. 否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或情态动词will后加not成wont5.一般疑问句： be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. Are you going to go on an outing this weekend? 例如：Im going to have a picnic this afternoon. Im not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 4. 否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或情态动词will后加not成wont5.一般疑问句： 1、be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. Are you going to go on an outing this weekend? 例如：Im going to have a picnic this afternoon. Im not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 1） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。2） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。注意：1、be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 Willshall不能和be going to连用2、易忽视动词用原形形式 例：1 He will is (be) at school next Monday. 2 He is going to does (do) his homework after school. 答案：1 be 2 do四、一般过去时1、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。2、标志：yesterday（昨天）、two days ago（两天前 ）、last year（去年）、the other day（前几天）、once upon a time（很久以前）、 just now（刚才）、in the old days（过去 的日子里）、When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时）、at+一个时间点2Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasnt）I was an English teacher noware在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=werent）They were glad to see each other last month带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were放到句首。 They played football together yesterday. Did they play football together yesterday?They did not play football together yesterday.3、句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子否定句：didnt +动词原形，如：Jim didnt go home yesterday.一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如：Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？如： What did Jim do yesterday?疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？如：Who went to home yesterday5.一般过去式的构成形式：肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I workedDid I work?I did not workDid I not work?He(she,it) workedDid he(she,it) work?He (she,it)didnt workDid he(she,it)not work?We workedDid we work?We did not workDid we not work?You workedDid you work?You did not workDid you not work?They workedDid they work?They did not workDid they not work?课时十here be 句型用法1、 定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩二： there be 句型的常考点考点一：各种句型转化。1：变成否定There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同：not是副词，no为形容词，not a/an/any + n. 相当于no+ n.。例如： There are some pictures on the wall. There arent any pictures on the wall. =There are no pictures on the wall. 2：变成一般疑问句There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。但同时要注意：当肯定句中有some时，要将其改为any（否定变化也一样）。There is some water on Mars. Is there any water on Mars? There are some fish in the water. Are there any fish in the water? 考点二：there be 句型的时态。be可以有现在时（there is/are）、过去时(there was/were)、将来时(there is/are going to be或there will be)和完成时(there have/has been)；还可用there must be ,there cant be, there used to be等。 如： -There _ a concert this evening.考点四：there be 句型的主谓一致：There be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟