托福综合写作讲义.doc

信号词句总结句remedy mistake there are several reasons why 列举 gambling FirstsecondthirdAnd most importantlyA major development On the one hand, on the other handOn the contrary/in contrastSimilarly/likewiseAlsoFurthermore总结Therefore/as a resultIn conclusion/In summaryFinallyFrom this we can see强调Now this is importantRemember thatThe important idea is thatThe basic concept here is 开头段落 （概括全文）The lecturer talks about _. He says that _.The lecturer raises serious counterarguments against the reading paragraphs by providing different evidences regarding_(文章主题). The lecturer refutes the readings argument about_ and focuses on _（文章主题）The lecture is mainly discussing _, _ and _ , challenging what are stated in the reading passage，that is,_主体段落（各个击破）First of all, the speaker thinks that _. （细节）In contrast, the reading passage believes that _. （细节）So, the lecturer completely disagrees with the view made in the reading. Secondly, the speaker believes_. （细节）This directly contradicts what is stated in the reading that _. Finally, the speakers raises the issue that _.（细节） This point disagrees that _, which is demonstrated in the reading. 或者Another point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is _.The professor claims that_.However, the reading states _.Finally, the professor stated that_ . on the contrary of the reading, which claims that_.Astronomy Astrology Catastrophe Astronaut Cosmo-naut CosmosCosmopolitan Taikong-naut Pruning is cutting off dead or living branches of a tree to improve a trees health. Trees are pruned for the following reasons: to improve diseased, dead, or broken branchesto remove a branch that rubs against anotherto enhance the natural shape of the treesilver maple to eliminate the wild growth and to hold the tree within in its bounds distort eyesore Homeschooling is becoming more and more popular in the U.S. Parents who decided to homeschool their children keep their children out of traditional classrooms with one teacher and twenty or thirty children in one room. These parents educate their children by themselves in the home. This move toward homeschooling does not seem to be the best for children who are homeschooled. For one thing, children in homeschools will not learn as much as children in traditional schools. This is because traditional schools demand that students learn a huge amount of material before they pass on to a new level. For another, children in homeschools do not have much social interaction with other children. Children in homeschools do not have a classroom full of students to interact with, as children in traditional schools most certainly do. Children in homeschools generally only have a few siblings to interact with on a regular basis. Finally children in homeschools will not have a broad curriculum that is available in traditional schools. Traditional schools offer a wide variety of subjects, more subjects than it is possible to offer in a homeschool. Traditional schools have an established and wide-ranging curriculum that cannot possibly be matched in a homeschooling environment. The international style is the name given to the functional style of architecture that evolved in Europe and the United States shortly before the First World War and prevailed during most of the twentieth century. The international style is characterized by an emphasis on function and rejection of traditional decoration. It is also known as the Bauhaus style because it was refined at the famous German design school, the Bauhaus, during the 1920s. The directors of the Bauhaus, Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, reduced the urban building to a basic framework of steel, a skin of glass, and an open interior in which “curtain walls” could be moved around to suit the purposes of the user. Supporters of the Bauhaus idiom promoted a utilitarian simplicity in such phrases as “form follows function” and “less is more”.The international style inspired both architects and ordinary citizens, and greatly influenced the mid-century building boom in the united states, particularly in New York. The beauty and simplicity of the Bauhaus idiom was evident in New York structures such as the Rockefeller center complex. Perhaps the best known New York example is the office building of the United Nations secretariat, completed in 1952. A Swiss-born architect known as Le Corbusier led the international group of architects that designed it. The UN secretariat is a slab only 72 feet thick, but its blue-tinted glass walls are 287 feet wide by 544 feet high. The building has a simplicity and elegance worthy of the most prominent international organization, the United Nations. The sleek utilitarian beauty of the international style succeeded in reshaping the city, making it one of the most successful architectural movements in history.Key points 1. The international style dominated the architecture of the modern city; this agrees with the points in the reading that the style reshaped the city and was one of the most successful architecture movements in history.2. The international style takes simplicity and “form follows function” to an extreme, leading to office buildings that are ugly, ridiculous, cheap, vulgar, and boring; this disagrees with the point in the reading