过去分词的用法.docx

过去分词的用法专题（一）-过去分词作表语、定语、宾补一、概念： 过去分词的形式、语法意义及作用过去分词只有一种形式，即：done: 其语法意义及作用是表示动作的被动的和完成，主要在句中作表语、定语、宾补（主补）、状语等成份。 二、用法1. 作表语过去分词作表语时位于系动词后面，主要说明主语（多为人）的特点和状态；此时多数分词的被动意义很弱，实际上这类分词已经形容词化，这就是我们所熟知的-ed形容词。常见的有：delighted, disappointed, shocked, astonished, excited, frightened, experienced, interested, qualified, puzzled, exhausted, impressed, satisfied, dressed, drunk, devoted, lost, known等。She was very disappointed to hear the result. 听到这个结果她很失望Hearing what he said, we were all deeply impressed. 听了他的话，我们很受感动。注意：1）现在分词（-ing类形容词）作表语与过去分词（-ed 类形容词）作表语的区别两种分词作表语时，动词的意味很弱，都已形容词化；现在分词化形容词（-ing）表示“使人/令人“ 多用来形容事物，故主语多是事物；过去分词化的形容词(-ed) 表示“感到/受的”多用来形容人，故主语多是人。A. Nobody was _in the story he told. A. What he said was very _.B. The story he told was very _ (interest) B. I was very_ at the sight. (amuse)2) 过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别：二者形式类似，但实质截然不同。用作表语的过去分词被动意味很弱，主要说明主语的特点和状态，此时相当于一个形容词；被动语态表示动作，过去分词被动意味很强,句子主语为动作的承受者，后面常跟by短语。The glass was broken. 杯子碎了 (强调状态) The glass was broken by Tom.杯子被汤姆打碎了。（强调动作）The door is closed. 门关上了。(强调状态) The door was closed by Jack门被杰克关上了。（强调动作）典题：What he has done is really _. Now his parents are _ him.A. disappointed; disappointed at B. disappointing; disappointed aboutC. disappointing; disappointed with D. disappointed; disappointing by2. 作定语1）含义：过去分词（短语）修饰一个名词或代词，叫做过去分词作定语。此时分词与其所修饰的词之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系，或表示该动作已完成。2）位置：一般来说，单个分词，置于被修饰的词的前面，作前置定语；分词短语，置于所修饰词的后面，作后置定语。the affected people the polluted water the books written by Lu Xun the girl dressed in white注意： 当单个过去分词修饰something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody, those 等不定代词时, 要放在这些词后面, 作后置定语。Those killed were women and children. 被杀害的那些人是妇女和儿童。Is there anybody injured? 有人受伤吗？Nothing reported interested him. 所报道事情，没有一件使他感兴趣。有时为了强调动作（或出于习惯）单个分词也可放在所修饰词的后面。The experience gained is of great value to us. 所获得的经验对我们很有价值。Theres little time left. 没时间了。（left通常作后置定语）I want to change the material used. 我想更换已用过的材料。典题： 1. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _.（2012山东）A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide2. We finished the run in less than half the time _.（2008江西卷）A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows个别过去分词做前置定语与后置定语修饰名词时意义不同, 如：in the given time 在既定的时间内 a concerned look 关切的表情 a wanted person 被通缉的人 with the words given 用所给的单词 the people concerned 有关人士 waiters wanted 招聘服务员3) 过去分词（短语）作定语用法的特点 多数情况下，过去分词（短语）作定语表示被动和完成意义，即，分词既表示与所修饰的词构成被动关系，又表示此动作已发生，这是判断用过去分词作定语的重要依据（其中构成被动关系是主要依据）。 the injured boy (表被动、完成) those killed in the accident. (表被动、完成) the people invited to the party (表被动、完成) the speech given by her. (表被动、完成) 少数具有持续意义的过去分词作定语时只表示被动意义，无完成意义。 the respected and loved teacher (= the teacher who is respected and loved) 受人尊敬和爱戴的老师 spoken English (= English that is spoken ) 英语口语 written English (= English is written ) 书面语 少数不及物动词的过去分词作定语时只表完成意义，不表被动。如：fallen leaves =leaves that have fallen落叶 the risen sun = the sun that has risen 升起来的太阳boiled water= water that has boiled开水 developed countries = countries that have developed 发达国家 retired workers = workers who have retired 退休工人faded flowers= flowers that have faded 凋谢的花朵有些过去分词作前置定语时，也不表被动，也不表完成，因为此类分词已经形容词化，即：-ed形容词），如：astonished people 惊讶的人们 a lost child 丢失的孩子 broken heart 一颗破碎的心 the tired audience疲惫的观众 a lighted candle 一支点燃的蜡烛 平时学习时要注意对这些词的积累。4）过去分词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别： 多数情况下，过去分词作定语时与所修饰的词构成被动关系；现在分词作定语时与所修饰的词构成主动关系，这是二者最主要的区别。此外，过去分词还可表示动作已完成，现在分词还可表示在进行。Do you know the boy _ (lie) under the big tree? He is a leader_ (respect) by the people.The wheat is watered by water_ (bring) from a pond. The woman_ (sell) vegetables is poor. 注意：由于不及物动词没有被动形式，所以多数不及物动词的过去分词形式不能作定语而只能采用其现在分词的形式作定语，如：The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smeltI saw a note pinned to the door, _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading.Look over theretheres a very long, winding path_ up to the house. （2011山东卷）A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead典题：1. Im calling to enquire about the position _ in yesterdays China Daily. (2010北京)A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised2. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hung D. being hung 3. A great number of students _ said they were forced to practise the piano. (2010四川) A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning4. Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. （2011江苏）A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared 过去分词作定语时表示动作已完成（不表被动），现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行。注意：此种情况仅限于少数几个不及物动词，如：falling leaves正在飘落的树叶 boiling water正在沸腾的 developing countries 发展中国家 fallen leaves 落叶 boiled water 开水 developed countries 发达国家the rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳 a changing world 一个正在发生改变的世界the risen sun 升起的太阳 a changed world 一个变了的世界 现在分词化形容词（-ing类形容词）表示” 使人/令人”, 多用来修饰事物；过去分词化的形容词(-ed类形容词) 表示”感到/受的”, 多用来修饰人。disappointing news 令人失望的消息 an exciting story激动人心的故事 a tiring film 令人乏味的电影disappointed people 感到失望的人们 excited people（感到）激动的人 tired people累了的人 l 注意：某些以-ed结尾的表示情绪的形容词有时可以修饰:look/expression/voice/eyes/smile/等词。如：a satisfied smile 满意的微笑 a puzzled look/expression 困惑的表情 a trembled voice 颤抖的声音典题：1. Mr. Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel.A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring2. The _ mother looked at her _ son, looking _ A. worried；worried; worried B. worried；worrying; worried C. worrying; worried; worrying D. worried; worried; worrying 5) 注意问题 过去分词(done)/现在分词的被动式(being done)/ 不定式的被动式(to be done) 作定语的区别： 这三种形式都可作后置定语，都表被动，即它们与所修饰的词之间都构成被动关系，但它们用法截然不同，具体为：过去分词作后置定语时，表示已经发生的被动的动作：现在分词的被动式作后置定语时，表示正在进行的被动的动作；不定式的被动式作后置定语时，表示未发生或即将发生的被动的动作。如：a meeting held yesterday 昨天举行的会议 a meeting being held now 现在正在被举行的会议 a meeting to be held tomorrow 明天将举行的会议典题：1. The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time. (2007 上海)A. to be completed B. having been completed C. completed D. being completed2. The building _ will be completed in a month. It will be our lab building. A. to be painted B. being painted C. to have painted D. painted3. We are invited to a party _in our club next Friday. （2009山东）A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding4. Tsinghua University, _ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. （2011福建）A. being founded B. founding C. founded D. to be founded5. The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.（2009安徽） A. produced B. being produced C. to be produced D. having been produced6. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom. (2007全国II) A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close 与定语从句的关系：过去分词作定语相当于一个（尤其是被动语态的）定语从句的作用，可视为由定语从句省去主语和助动词（特别是系动词be）而形成的，是一种比定语从句更简洁的修饰成分。如：the affected people= the people who were affected the polluted water= the water that was pollutedWe all like the lecture given by Mr. John. = We all like the lecture that was given by Mr. John 从形式上讲，过去分词（短语）作定语可分为限制性（紧跟修饰词之后，无逗号）和非限制性（用逗号与其所修饰的词分开）两种，其作用分别相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。I like wearing clothes made of (=that/which is made of) this kind of cloth. 我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服。The novels, written (which were written) by MoYan, are very popular. 这些小说是莫言写的，深受人们喜爱。典题：1. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded2. President Xi visited several American countries on a trip _to strengthen their relations with China President Xi visited several American countries on a trip that _to strengthen their relations with China A. designed B. designs C. was designed D. designing3. 作宾补1) 用法：过去分词作宾补通常表示与其前面的宾语构成被动关系，表被动和完成意义。其结构形式为:主语谓语动词宾语过去分词（宾语补足语），所以分词与其前面的宾语构成被动关系，是判断用过去分词作宾补的主要依据。过去分词作宾补主要集中用于以下四种句式中： 位于某些感官动词之后作宾补，如：find/feel/hear/see/notice/observe/watch +sb/sth + done（宾补）He found his money _ (steal). I hear the song _ (sing)I saw a man _ (knock) down by a car. I heard my name _ (call) just now.He found them _ (seat) at the table playing card.典题：1. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can. （2008江苏） A. speak. B. speakingC. spokenD. to speak2. In the dream Peter saw himself _ by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start.A. chased B. to be chased C. be chased D. having been chased 位于使役动词之后作宾补。如：have/get/make/keep/leave + sb/sth + done（宾补） “使/让被”I had/got my bike _ (repair) yesterday. I raised my voice to make myself _ (hear).He made himself_ (know) to them first. He kept /left the door _ (lock) for a long timePlease keep me _(inform) of what is going on. Youd better keep the guests _ (seat)典题：1. Claire had luggage _ an hour before her plane left.（2011陕西） A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked2. Alexander tried to get his work _in the medical circles. (2010辽宁) A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized3. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams. （2011重庆）A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind4. The girl asked him not to leave the door _. A. to close B. closed C. to be closed D. closing 位于表示在“意欲；命令”的动词（like, want, wish, order）之后I want the suit made to my own measure. 我想要根据的尺寸做身西服。He didnt want her daughter taken out after dark. 他不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。I wish these letters typed as soon as possible.我想要把这些信件尽快打印出来。The commander ordered the army organized. 司令命令把部队组织起来。典题：1. She wants her paintings _ in the gallery, but we dont think they would be very popular. (2007上海春) A. display B. to display C. displaying D. displayed 2. The teacher doesnt wish such questions _in class. A. discussing B. discussed C. to discuss D. being discusse 用 在with 的复合结构（with sb./ sth. done.）中。这一结构通常在句中作原因、伴随、时间、方式等状语或作定语,其中过去分词与前面的宾语构成被动关系。She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on him. 她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他。(作伴随状语)With the matter settled, we all went home. (作原因状语) With water heated, we can see the steam. (作条件状语)The customer with his cell phone stolen wanted to see the manager. (作定语)典题：1. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _, he gladly accepted it. (2007 安徽) A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished2. In the reading room, we found her _ at a desk, with his attention _ on a book.A. sitting; fixing B. sit; fixed C. sitting; to be fixed D. seated; fixed2) 注意问题： 由于不及物动词只表主动，没有被动形式，所以多数不及物动词的过去分词形式不能作宾语补足语，可采用其现在分词的形式作宾补，表主动和进行（一直持续）请比较下列几题的做法：He is so forgetful that he often leaves his door _. A. unlocked B. locking C.to lock D. being locked Dont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to runSitting by her side, I could feel her heart _.A. beaten B. to beat C. beating D. to be beatingI felt a great weight _ off my mind by this promise.A. taking B. take C. to be taken D. taken但有种特例需要注意：有极个别的不及物动词的过去分词（如changed）可作宾补，但只表动作完成或已发生，不表被动。When he woke up, he found everything changed. 当他醒来时，他发现一切都变了。典题：They woke up, _ everything around _. A. found; changed B. finding; changed C. to find; changing D. to find; changed 多数情况下，过去分词与其前面的宾语构成被动关系, 这是选用过去分词作宾补的主要依据，但某些分词化的形容词作宾补、定语、状语时，只表状态和特点，不表被动，可当成固定搭配去用。如： seated (就坐着的，坐着的) gone (消失的，不见的) lost（丢失的） worried （担心的）dressed（穿好衣服的） hidden (隐藏的；躲藏的) shut (关闭的) broken (破碎的) open（开着的） lost in 沉浸于；迷失于 dressed in 穿着When I came in, I found a strange girl _ (seat) in the corner.I found her _ (dressed) in a red suit at the party. The boy found himself _(lose) in the forestThe law gets most parents _ (worry) He found his car _ (go) in the street. He kept his private papers _ (hide) in the small box.典题：1. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _. (2004 重庆） A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry2. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _ for words. （2011浙江） A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost3. Keep your mouth _ and your eyes _.A. shut; opened B. shutting; opened C. shut; open D. shutting; open “have/get sth done”的几种含义a. 表示“(主语) 请/让别人做某事”，动作的执行者不是主语。I want to have my hair cut. 我想理理发。（主语I不是cut的执行者）I had/got my computer repaired.我找人把我的电脑修好了。（主语I不是repair的执行者）b.表示”(主语) 遭遇、遭受(某不愉快、不测的事情)”, 此时主语也不是动作的执行者。King Charles had his head cut off. 国王查理被砍了头。（此句不可译为：国王查理让人把自己的头砍掉了。）He had/got his money stolen.他的钱被偷了。（此句不可译为：他让人把自己的钱偷了。）c. 表示“（主语自己）完成某事（使某事被做）”，动作的执行者是主语自己。 I want to have my English improved. 我想提高我的英语。（主语I是improve的执行者）I cant get/have my car started. 我不能把车发动起来。（主语I是start的执行者）Last week I had 100 dollars saved. 上周我攒了100美元。 （主语I是save的执行者）典题：1. Did Peter fix the computer himself? (安徽 2007) He _, because he doesnt know much about computers. A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it2. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ in a short period. (2007 福建)A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve3. The two students were told to have the classroom _ after school. A. clean B. cleaned C. cleaning D. to clean 这类句子可变为被动语态，此时过去分词意义用法不变，但由作宾语补足语改为了作主语补足语We found the song sung everywhere across the country. (作宾补) 我们发现这首歌传唱了全国。The song was found sung everywhere across the country. (作主补) 这首歌被发现传唱了全国。They made the result known to the public. (作宾补) The result was made known to the public. (作主补)He always keeps/leaves the door locked. (作宾补) The door is always left/kept locked. (作主补)We kept them informed of the latest news. (作宾补) They were kept informed of the latest news. (作主补)典题：1. A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left _.A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfying C. to be unsatisfying D. being unsatisfied 2. The plan is heard _ so well that we dont have to make any change.A.to design B. designing C. designed D. design 使役动词get/have 其它重要结构及其区别：a. get sb to do = have sb to do “让某人去做.”, 在这一结构中，宾语sb 与后面的动作构成主动关系，但get短语中，要用to-do ; have短语中要用do ,切不可混淆。b. get sth doing “让（做）起来”， 在这一结构中，宾语与后面的动作同样构成主动关系，宾语常是机器一类的东西。 如： I couldnt get my car going = I couldnt get my car started 我无法使我的车发动起来。c. have sb do/have sb doing “让某人做/ 让某人一直做” 在这两种结构中，其宾语与后面的动作都构成主动关系, 区别在于，用do 强调一次性的动作, 用doing 强调动作一直持续或反复。如：Mum had me clean my bedroom yesterday. 昨天妈妈让我打扫了我的卧室。Mum had me cleaning my bedroom yesterday. 昨天妈妈让我一直打扫我的卧室。另外需注意的是，have 当”有”讲时，常构成： have sth to do “ 有要做”，此时， to do 不是做宾补， 而是to不定式作定语修饰前面的宾语，所以一定要与上面的几种情形区分开来。如： I have a lot of homework to do. 我有很多作业要做。 典题：1. Dont worry, Ill have it _ and get someone _ it to you tomorrow.A. typed; send B.to type; to send C. type; send D. typed; to send2. I have had my bike _ and Im going to have somebody _ my radio tomorrow.A. repair; to repair B. repairing; to be repaired C. repaired; repair D. to repair; to repairing3. Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? (2007 北京) Just a minute. Ill have Bob _ you to your room.A. shown B. show C. to show D. showing4. Jack didnt get his bicycle _soon enough at Jacks, for John had a lot of bicycles _at the time. A. to be repaired, to repair B. repaired, to repair C. to repair, to be repaired D. to repair, repaired5. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. (2010山东) A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed3) 过去分词和现在分词形式作宾补的区别： 过去分词作宾补时，分词与宾语之间有逻辑上的被动关系；现在分词作宾补时，分词与宾语之间有逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行。I heard her _ (sing) in English when I passed. I heard the song _ (sing) in E