高考英语讲义 特殊句式.doc

高考英语讲义教学目的了解倒装、强调句、反义疑问句、主谓一致、省略、it用法上课时间上课时长上课内容特殊句式课次1 倒装1. 全部倒装（将整个谓语部分放在主语之前）（1） 在there be 句型中（其中be还可以换成seem，live，stand，lie，appear，lie，exist，come等动词），要全部倒装Long long ago，there lived a king who liked horses very much.There are many people dancing in the square.There seems to have a concert in the hall tomorrow.There lies a snake along the lake.（2） such 放句首，句子全部倒装(注意主谓一致，以谓语动词后面的成分来确定的单复）Such was his life then. Such is what he wants. Such were her books.（3） 以there，here，now，then，thus等引导的句子中，谓语动词常为be，come，go等，句子全部倒装There goes the bell. Here comes the bus. Then came a new difficult question. There rings the telephone.（4） 以down，up，out，away等表示位置转移的副词位于句首时，句子全部倒装 (人称代词出现时，句子不倒装）Up went the arrow into the sky. In came the teacher. Away ran the dog.Out rushed the people from their house when the earthquake happened. In she came. Here you are. Out it ran. (人称代词出现，不倒装）（5） 表地点的介词短语放在句首，句子要用倒装In the classroom stays a girl.On the desk lies a book.2. 部分倒装（将谓语中的助动词，情态动词，be动词放在主语之前）（1） only+状语（副词，介词短语，状语从句）放在句首，谓语动词部分倒装Only then did I realize the importance of English.Only in this way can you solve the problem.Only when I came into the house did I recognize the man.注：only修饰主语时，句子不用倒装Only you can finish the work.（2） so +be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，句子部分倒装So did I（我也是）和so he does（他确实是）的判断方法1判断原句正负（肯定为正，否定为负）原句为正用so开头，原句为负用neither或nor开头2判断原句的be/助动词/情态动词（根据时态和人称确定）3看人称所指一致不一致人称所指一致，用正序；人称所指不一致用倒序4如果出现第三个人和前面两人的情况相同时，用it is the same with sb.如果两者情况都相同时，并且原句为否定，则省略句还可用： 主语 be/助动词/情态动词+either. I went there yesterday, so did he.我昨天去那里了，他也去了。 Tom is a good student. So he is.(强调他的却是）She never went to Beijing. Neither did I.（强调我也没去过）（3） 否定副词或短语放在句首，句子部分倒装Never，no，hardly，scarcely，barely，seldom，little，not，few, nowhere，rarely，in no time，by no means，in no case，under/ in no circumstances等Not a single mistake did I make.Never before have I seen such a moving film. Seldom does he get up early.（4） 复合句型的倒装1Not until提前主倒从不倒陈述语序：We did not have supper until he returned home.倒装语序：Not until he returned home did we have supper.2no soonerthan/ Hardlywhen （ 一就）No sooner +句子部分倒装（过去完成时）than+句子（一般过去时）Hardly+句子部分倒装（过去完成时）when+句子（一般过去时）No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher came in.Hadly had we arrive home then the telephone rang.No sooner had he pick up the paper than the owner reached and ask for it.3not onlybut also（不但而且） 前倒后不倒Not only was he forced to stay at home,but also he had to do his homework.Not only has he arrived the destination,but also he prepared a table of delicious food for us.4sothat（如此以至于） 前倒后不到 So + 形容词 + be + 主语 that So + 副词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 实意动词 thatSo clearly does he speak that we all understand what he says.So fast did he run that we cannot go with him.So fast did he ride the motorbike when he turn around the corner that he fell down heavily.5让步状语从句中，从句部分倒装句型例句名词+as/though +主 系, 主句 Child as he is , he knows a lot.形容词+as/ though+主 系Young as he is，he finishes it easily.副词+as/though+主 谓Hard as he had worked，he failed the exam.动词原形+as/though+主 助Try as he did，he failed.上述句子都可以换成用although 或but 引导的让步状语从句（陈述句式）：Although he is a child, he knows a lot.Although he is young, he finishes it easily.Although he had worked hard, he failed the exam.He tried,but he failed.二、 强调句型1. 类型和结构类型结构例句肯定It is/was +被强调部分+that / who+ 其他成分It is my father who always gives me money.一般疑问句Is/was it +被强调部分+that / who +其他成分Was it your sister who helped you？特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+is/was+it that+其他成分Where was it that they bought the bike？What was it that made the result changed?其他It might be +被强调部分+that+其他It must have been +被强调部分+that+其他It might be Tom who broke the window.It must have been Tom who broke the window last night.2. Not until 的强调句型He did not go to bed until 11oclock.It was not until 11 oclock that he went to bed.比较：陈述句式：He did not go to bed until his mother came back. 倒装句式：Not until his mother came back did he go to bed. 强调句式：It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.3. 谓语动词的强调Do/does/did+动词原形，可以用来强调谓语动词表示“的却，确实”I do hope you will stay to lunch.He did attend the meeting.4、强调句和其他句型的区别：（1）强调句和主语从句的区别：It is there that accidents often happens.It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.（2）强调句和定语从句的区别It is novels that Miss William enjoys reading.It is a question that needs carefully consideration.（3）强调句和状语从句的区别：It was at 6:00 that I got up today.It was 6:00 when I get up.It was two years ago that I began to learn English.It was two years since I began to learn English.It was two years before he came back from abroad.It was two years later that he came back from abroad.三、 反意疑问句 1、 做反意疑问句的步骤（1） 判断陈述部分的正负（正为肯定，负为否定认识否定词）否定词：seldom,hardly,never,few,nothing,nobody,nowhere,no, scarcely，barely，little，not，nowhere，rarely，in no time，by no means，in no case，under/ in no circumstances（2） 判断陈述部分需要用的代词（3） 反意部分为：be/助动词/情态动词+人称（根据前肯后否，前否后肯的原则）Lucy is a good student, isnt she?I am the first one to come to school, arent I?2、反意疑问句的类型（1）陈述部分含有must 的反意疑问句当must为“必须”时，其反意部分用neednt，当含有mustnt（不允许，禁止）时，反意部分用must/may.You must go now, neednt you?You mustnt smoke here, must you/ may you?当must表推测，为“一定，准是”时 (对现在的推测) must be,反意部分用be(am/is/are)+nt+人称代词 He must be at home, isnt he?You must be hungry now, arent you?(对过去的推测) 肯定用must have done 否定用cant have done 有时间状语 反意部分用did/didnt +人称代词 反意部分,分两种情况： You must have watched that football match last night, didnt you? 无时间状语 反意部分用have/has（nt）+人称代词 You must have heard about it,havent you?(2) 陈述部分有used to 的反意疑问句，反意部分用usednt / didnt +人称代词You used to sleep with the windows open, usednt you?(3) 陈述部分有ought to 的反意疑问句He ought to attend the lecture, oughtnt /shouldnt he?(4) 陈述部分有seldom，hardly，scarcely，never，few，little，nothing，nobody，nowhere， no，none，none of，neither，nor等否定或半否定词，反意部分用肯定形式。He could hardly walk without a stick, could he ?(5) 陈述部分含有表示否定意义的前缀构成的词（unsatisfied，uncertain，impossible，irregular，unhappy, discover,unsuccessful, unfamiliar的反意疑问句，反意部分用否定形式。 My sister is unhappy with her position, isnt she? Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesnt he?(6) 含有宾语从句的反意疑问句一般含有从句的反义疑问句，只需要需要看主句的谓语动词，和人称当主句中含有否定转移的词think，believe，suppose，expect，imagine时，前肯后否，前否后肯 主语为第一人称，反意部分看从句的助动词和人称代词My mother and I thought the girl was right, wasnt she?I dont believe he will succed, will he? 主语为第二三人称，反意部分看主句的助动词和人称代词He never thinks the building can be finished this year, does he?You seldom know what is the real goal of this action, do you?(7)祈使句的反意疑问句，不表反意，只表示一种语气Let us go，will you?Lets go, shall we?Dont smoke here, will you?Run quickly, wont you/ will you?(8)反意问句的回答要么肯定，要么否定 不能出现yes，I dont. No ,I do. 应该用：Yes，he is. No, he isnt.(9) 反意疑问句的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称和数上保持一致陈述部分主语反意疑问句主语例句one（指人）one或heOne cant be careful enough，can he/one？this, that, these, thoseit/theyThis isnt a fast train,is it?everything, anything,something,nothingitNothing happened to him, did it?Something has gone wrong with this machine, hasnt it?everybody, everyone,someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anybody, anyone he 或 theyEverybody agreed to the plan, didnt they?Nobody likes to be laughed at, doesnt they/dont they?不定式/动名词/其他短语ItLearning English well takes a lot of time, doesnt it?There be句型be/情态动词/助动词+thereThere is no doubt about it, is there?There used to be a church here, didnt/ usednt there?There will be rain tomorrow, wont there?There should be no problem, should there?四、主谓一致（语法一致，意义一致，就近原则）（一）、并列主语的主谓一致（1） 由and连接两个名词或代词做主语，即A and B，可分为三种情况：A和B表示不同的人，物或者概念，谓语动词要用复数形式：Tom and Jack were close friends last year.The doctor and the nurse should always help the sick people.A和B表示同一人，物和概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式：Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.Knife and fork is useful in dinner.Bread and butter is nutritious.The doctor and nurse is helping the poor people in the village.A和B之前有each，every，many a，no等修饰语时，谓语动词要用单数，B前的限定词可省略Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.Many a man and woman likes eating something delicious.（2） 由or，nor，eitheror，neithernor，notbut，not onlybut also，连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词的单复数要和它临近的主语的数保持一致One or two friends are coming this evening.Neither he nor I am going to be in charge of this program.（3） 如果主语后有with，along with，together with，but，expect，like，in addition to， including，besides，as well as，as much as，around, rather than，more than等引起的短语，用就远原则An expert, as well as some assistants,was sent to help this work.Tom along with his friends goes skating on Sundays.注：there be 句型也用就近原则There is a desk in the room，but there are no chairs in it.（二）、单一主语的主谓一致1、以s结尾的名词的主谓一致（1） 以s结尾的专有名词做主语的主谓一致国名，书名，报纸名，剧名：the United States，The United Nations, The New York Times，The Arabian Nights做主语，谓语动词用单数如果群岛，山脉，海峡，瀑布等地理名词做主语，谓语动词用复数The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.（2） 以ics结尾的学科名词physics，maths，politics，means, news等做主语，谓语动词用单数Maths is an interesting subject. Every means has been tried.（3） 以s结尾的由两部分组成的工具，衣服，等做主语，谓语动词用复数Trousers裤子 pants 短裤 goods 货物 shoes鞋子 glasses眼睛 clothes 衣服如果这些词由a pair(suit, piece, series, kind) of 修饰时，谓语动词用单数My glasses are new. Johns trousers are black.There is a pair of shoes under the chair. A piece of chalk can be used to write words.如果pair，suit，piece，series，kind为复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。Two pairs of shoes are on the shelf, please pass me them.2、 动名词，不定式，从句做主语，谓语动词用单数（1） 由what引导的主语从句做主语，应根据意义一致原则来决定位于动词的单复数What they need is money. What they need are some books.（2） 不定式，动名词做主语时，谓语动词用单数To walk in the new street is exciting. Reading is helpful to us.（3） 由连接词连接的多个非谓语动词做主语，表示同一概念，谓语动词用单数；表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.To live and to work are two different things.（4） 关系代词who，that，which在定语从句中做主语时，谓语动词应与句中的先行词一致Those who want to go should put hands up.Li Hua is one of the students who have passed the test.Li Hua is only one of the students who has passed the test.Either you or I, who am the leader of the program should give a much better plan for this stage.（三）、集体名词做主语的主谓一致（1） group，family，army，enemy，government，等做主语，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数； 强调个体，谓语动词用复数My family is a large and good family. The family are on holiday in Europe.（2） cattle，police，people，folk，youth，majority，public做主语，谓语动词用复数The police are searching for the thief. The majority are on Toms side.（3） equipment，furniture，jewelry， clothing，machinery不可数名词，谓语动词用单数The furniture he bought was out of fashion.The equipment of taking photos was expensive.（四）、代词做主语的主谓一致（1） 由either，neither，each，one，another，the other，anybody，anything，anyone，nothing，nobody，no one，something，someone，somebody，everything，everyone，little，much等做主语谓语动词用单数Each of the books costs five yuan. Somebody is using the phone.（2） all 做主语时，指整体概念，表示一切，谓语动词用单数；若指具体的人或者物时，谓语动词用复数All has been tried. All that we want is to be calm.All that glitters is not gold. All that we want are some books.（3） None（how many/ how much的回答）做主语指代不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；指代可数名词时，谓语动词用单数或复数Is there any milk in the glass？ No，there is none.None of them has / have arrived.（4） both，few，a few，many，several做主语或+名词复数，谓语动词用复数Both of the instruments are not accurate.（5） 其他分数、百分数 + 可数名词复数 + 谓语动词复数 不可数名词 + 谓语动词单数Two thirds of the youth support the plan.Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. a lot of / lots of, plenty of, half of, + 可数名词复数+谓语动词复数 all of, + 不可数名词+谓语动词单数 most of, the rest of, some of a great deal of, a large amount of, amounts of + 不可数名词+ 谓语动词单数 several，a few, quite a few, a great many(of), a number of + 名词复数 + 谓语动词复数 kind，form，type，sort，species，portion，series，quantity of + 名词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于这些词的单复数 A large quantity of water is in the river. Large quantities of water flow into the river. “一两个”one or two + 名词复数+谓语动词复数 A +名词单数+or two + 谓语动词单数more than one + 名词单数+谓语动词单数 More + 名词复数+than one +谓语动词单数 a number of + 名词复数 + 谓语动词复数/ the number of + 名词复数 + 谓语动词单数 时间，重量，距离，价值，体积，长度等名词复数做主语，谓语动词用单数Twenty years is a period of short time in history. many a +名词单数 + 谓语动词单数 the + 形容词（表一类人）做主语 + 谓语动词复数有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数. A number of +名词复数+复数动词. The number of +名词复数+单数动词.A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.The population of China is 1.4 billion.Two thirds of the population in the village live in a happy life.五、it的用法1. It 为代词时，1）指代天气、星期、价值、数量、长度、距离、金钱、季节、时间等人以外的事物。 2）不知性别的婴儿、小孩、不明身份的人 3）代替上文提到的事、物2. 句型：Its very kind of you. 你人真好 Make it / I can make it. 成功、实现、完成 its over. 完了。 I cant help it. 我没办法了。 It occurs to sb. that 从句 某人突然想到 It takes/took sb. +时间 to do sth花费某人多长时间来干某事 It is the first time that 从句（现完） It was the first/ second time that从句（过完） Its high time for sb. to do sth 该是做的时候了（虚拟语气） 强调句 It is/was +被强调部分+that/who 从句3. 形式主语 It remains to see/ it seems/ looks /appears /happens that从句 It remains to be seen whether the newly founded committees policy can be put into practice. 4. 形式宾语 have /feel/ find /make it +形容词（difficult/ easy/possible等）+to do sth.或从句 I found it difficult to learn English well.5. it 的几种易考、易混句型（1）It be +段时间+since从句 主句一般现在，从句一般过去It has been two months since we met last.（2）It be +时间（long,years,months,weeks,days,hours,minutes)+before 从句 意为：过多长时间，才 be 动词为was ，before后用一般过去，be动词为will be，before后用一般现在.It was the only several days before he realized the truth that he has been affected with.（3）It be + 时间（具体的时间） + when 从句（一般现在时） be动词为will be，从句一般现在时。It will be 6:00 when we get there.主谓一致练习1. Neither of them _ going to the cinema. Both of them _ going to the cinema.A. is ; are B. is ; is C. are ; was D. are ; is2. All but one _ here just now. All that I want to say _ this.A. was; were B. was; is C. were; is D. were; were3. A number of students _ gone for an outing. The number of the students _ increasing year. A. have; has B. is; have C. has; have D. have; is 4. Some of the oranges _ turned bad. Some of the milk _ turned sour (酸).A. have; has B. have; have C. has; have D. have; is 5. Each student -_ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each _ a dictionary.A. have; has B. has; have C. have; have D. has; has6. There _ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There _ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is 7. Either the judge or the lawvers _ wrong. Either you or he _ to blame.A. is; are B. are; is C. are; are D. is; is 8. His family _ all very well. His family _ a “ five good” one.A. are; is B. is; is C. are; are D. is; are9. My blue trousers _ worn out. One pair of trousers _ not enough.A. is; are B. are; are C. is; is D. are; is 10. Our League secretary and monitor _ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor _ good friends.A. take; are B. take; is C. takes; is D. takes; are11. The girl as well as his parents _ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor _ surprised at Marys answer.A. have; was B. have; were C. has; was D. has; were12. Who _ the girl singing in the next room? Who _ these people over there?A. are; are B. are; is C. is; are D. is; is 13. Most of the students _ boys. Most of his money _ spent on books.A. are; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are14. The policeman _ standing at the street corner. The police _ searching for him.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 15. The glasses _ mine. That pair of glasses _ my brothers.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 16. The news at six oclock _ not true. Those pieces of news _ to be broadcasted.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 17. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons _ taking a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, _ taking a walk in the park now. A. are; are B. is; are C. is; is D. are; is 18. No one but Jane _ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I _ in the classroom at that time.A. know; was B.knows; was C. know; were D. knows; were19. There _ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _ something wrong with the machine.A. was; is B. was; are C. were; is D. were; are20. He is one of the boys who _ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _ never late for school.A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is 21. What they have done _ of great use to us. What he says and what he does _ agree.A. is; not B.is; do not C. are; does not D. are; not22. Every picture except these