上海交通大学第二学期英语讲义详解版答案Key to rcise Two.docx

Key to Exercise TwoSection 1. Compound DictationMartha Leathes belief is derived from（come from） her experience with children,not so much the one she is taught but her own, the task of raisingchildren is often a test of belief as parents come to realize that their actions provide the lessons that children (1) assimilate同化 to be similar. Here is Martha Leathewith her essay for this I believe.Several weeks ago, I got a call from a good friend whose husband had just been diagnosed with (被诊断为)prostate cancer(前列腺癌). “Do we tell the kids?” she asked.“Absolutely,” I answered.“Do we use the C-word （cancer委婉语）?”“Yes, I think you do,” I said. “The boys deserve to know the truth, however heartbreaking it is.”Adults always insist that children be honest, but how many of us are honest with our kids, particularly about the tough stuff: death, sex, (2) corruption（腐败）, our own failings?I believe in telling children the truth. I believe this is vital for their understanding of the world, their (3) confidence and the development of their morals and values.This does not mean kids need to be unnecessarily (4) frightened, or told more than they can handle. When our son was 6, he tagged along紧跟，尾随 while his older sister got her nose-ring changed. In the shop, he sifted through （check and sort carefully） a big bin of brightly (5) packaged condoms. “What are these?” he said.“Condoms,” I replied.“What are they for,” he asked. Briefly, I explained what condoms are, (6) precisely where you put them and how they work.“Oh,” he said, clearly (7) disappointed, I think, that they werent candy. It wasnt a lot of information, but it was the truth.Many people think they are protecting children when they spare them the truth. I disagree. I believe children (8) possess an enviable (to be envied) ability to cope with and make sense of what even adults find confounding困惑的.When we are honest with children, we also validate their intuition. If we can admit that, yes, people can be mean, grandma does have a drinking problem, divorce is painful, we allow children to trust their gut. (9) They can begin to recognize and rely on their own inner voice, which will speak to them throughout their lives. Kids also have an uncanny (surpassing the normal异乎寻常) sense of when something is up: They realize when were uneasy, they can tell when were lying.One night, I was in the car with our two oldest daughters. (10) It was dark and cozy the perfect time for a heart-to-heart conversation. Out of the blue, one of our kids said, “So, Mom, have you ever smoked pot（大麻）?” I stalled a little, but the girls persisted. They had me, and they knewit. So I told them the truth, albeit（虽然）somewhat abridged（缩略）. What ensued was a frank discussion about the lures and perils of drugs. I believe my honesty was much more effective than warnings or platitudes（陈词滥调）.These same daughters are in college now; we have two other kids still at home. (11) And while I have made plenty of mistakes as a parent, I do have clear and open relationships with each of our kids. I believe that my being truthful with our children has paid off, because Im pretty sure that now they are honest with me. 上述是一篇叙述型的文章，不是考试类型，就练习一下dictation题型及熟悉语音语调和速度。Section 2 Note-takingKey1. One of differences is driving on the wrong side of the road, and you have to teach yourself to look the other way.2. Differences between American English and British EnglishExamples (1)The British word “queue” means in America “line”.(2) “Chips” in British English is “French fries” in American English. (3)”Crisps” in British English means “ potato chips” or “chips” in American English.3. Differences between the young people in Britain and the young people in the U.S.A: the younger people in Britain seem to be much more radical than the younger people in the United States. Examples(1) a lot of males in Britain with earrings in one of their ears, but you dont see that in America that much. (2) So many of the young people wear black clothing in Britain, but in the U.S.A you see all different types of bright colors. (3) British young people are more politically aware and know about the U.S. and how its run, but American young people just have a vague understanding of a few other countries Reasons: Its just because of the press. Note-taking不是期末听力考试类型， 但帮助学生练习如何听出文章结构大意，并记录有用的细节。Section 3. Short Answer Questions: Study: Fast-paced TV cartoons reduce kids learning1) young children have difficulty learning immediately after watching fast-paced television cartoons full of images and activities that are not possible in real life.2) ability to concentrate, learn, and solve problems - what psychologists call “executive function.”3) That is the part of the brain where problem-solving and related functions are located.4) its difficult to process since it doesnt really happen in real life.”5) whether watching these kinds of programs have a permanent effect on learning.Tip: 先看问题，带着问题去听，抓住重点和细节。一般问题都是按文章先后顺序来问的。最拍漏信息，如有遗漏，尽量根据文章来推断。Study: Fast-paced TV cartoons reduce kids learningSpeed and unrealistic situations affect preschoolersA new study finds that 1) young children have difficulty learning immediately after watching fast-paced television cartoons full of images and activities that are not possible in real life.Its what some people are calling the “SpongeBob effect.”“SpongeBob SquarePants” is a cartoon character whose surreal and improbable undersea adventures are watched by children around the world.University of Virginia researchers wanted to find out whether watching “SpongeBob” affected kids ability to learn immediately after seeing the show.To find out, a group of four-year-old children watched either a short video of “SpongeBob,” or a slower-paced and more realistic animated show called “Caillou.”A third group of children spent time drawing instead of watching television.Afterward, explains researcher Angeline Lillard, they all took standardized tests designed to measure their 2) ability to concentrate, learn, and solve problems - what psychologists call “executive function.”“And what we found is that children who had been in the “SpongeBob” group were performing only about half as well as the other children. So they were at about 50 percent capacity.”The four-year-olds in this study are at a critical age, when the prefrontal cortex is still developing. 3) That is the part of the brain where problem-solving and related functions are located.Lillard says one reason why a show like “SpongeBob SquarePants” might affect learning is its combination of speed and content.“Its fast-paced and its fantastical. So the child is needing to process all this new stuff really, really fast, and 4) its difficult to process since it doesnt really happen in real life.”Lillard cautions that her study looked only at how young children learned immediately after watching the TV shows, so she cannot say 5) whether watching these kinds of programs have a permanent effect on learning.“But I would say that parents might want to think about when children watch such shows and perhaps how frequently they watch them as well because they are certainly compromised immediately afterwards.”Lillards study is published in the journal Pediatrics.Section 4: Listening and Translating听译技巧上次已经提示过了；平时尽量训练自己能听完整句子，及时速记记下要点。不要试图写下完整句子，甚至是完整单词词组。1. Japan was hit worse than many other countries in the global financial crisis. Exports tumbled （暴跌；摔倒）and joblessness rose to its highest levels in several years. Some political analysts say/ the unemployment and economic distress苦恼/ that contribute to hunger helped Japans Democratic Party/ win a landslide victory压倒性优势的胜利 in recent elections. 日本受全球金融危机的影响超过其他地方。出口急剧下滑，失业率上升至几年来最高水平。一些政治分析家称/，失业和经济低迷导致饥饿/，这种情况帮助日本民主党/在最近的选举中获得压倒性的胜利。/2. A baby born in America in 2009 could expect to live an average of 78 years, according to estimates from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Thats still true in many parts of the United States. But in some places, life expectancy has leveled off趋平 or even dropped slightly - a rarity in a developed country and, public health officials say, a cause for alarm. A study in the Journal of Health Metrics shows the United States now ranks behind 10 other developed countries /when it comes to life expectancy/, even though Americans spend more on health care/ than people in most other countries.刊载在健康度量期刊上的一篇研究报告显示，虽然美国人花在医疗保健上的费用/超过其他大多数国家，/但现在美国人的平均寿命/已经排在了其他10个发达国家之后。翻译时可根据中文习惯转换语序，注意英语句型。3. The slow economy has hurt city and state governments, which continued cutting jobs. But private companies boosted/ hiring by 140,000/, particularly in retail, professional services, and health care.缓慢的经济损害到了市政府和州政府，致使这些单位继续裁员。但私人企业的雇佣人数激增到140000，尤其是在零售业、专业化服务行业及卫生保健等行业。注意数字听写和中英文数字的转化，可以用阿拉伯数字的4. Consumer spending is the biggest driver of the U.S. economy, accounting for about 70 percent of total output. Despite modest increases in the last three months, revised figur