词类和句子成分.doc

词类和句子成分 P19n. 名词art. 冠词pron. 代词num. 数词adj. 形容词adv. 副词v. 动词prep. 介词conj. 连词inter. 感叹词I. n. 1. 普通名词 专有名词2. 名词单数复数3. 名词的所有格(1) 表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加 s来表示所有关系，叫做名词所有格。e.g.: mens room 男厕所Chairman Maos works 毛主席著作a miles distance 一英里的距离a stones throw 一步之遥 但如果该名词是以-s或-es接尾，则只在该名词后加“”来构成所有格。e.g.: 3 hours walk 三小时的路程 five minutes walk 五分钟路程two miles distance 两英里的距离(2) of所有格用法 凡不能加s的名词，都可以与of构成短语，来表示所有关系。e.g.: Does anyone know the title of the novel？有谁知道这部小说的名字？ There is a tall maple tree at the end of the road在这条路的尽头有一棵高高的枫树。 如果名词后面有一个较长定语，尽管名词表示有生命的东西，也可以用这种所有格形式。例如： Did you listen to the speech of the President Clinton over the radio？你听了克林顿总统的广播讲话了吗？ They have the support of the people of the developing countries他们得到发展中国家人民的支持。 (3) 双重所有格 所谓“双重所有格（double genitive）”，是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of名词所有格”。双重所有格有以下几个特征： A. “of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。e.g.: a play of Shakespeares（莎士比亚的一个戏剧）a friend of my wifes（我妻子的一个朋友） B. 注意区别下列四种表达方式含义的差别： one of my brothers friends（明确表示我兄弟有一个以上的朋友） a friend of my brothers（暗示我兄弟有一个以上的朋友） a friend of my brother（对我兄弟有好感的人） my brothers friend（我兄弟唯一的一个朋友或刚谈及的那一个朋友）II. art. Unit 13 P380III. pron. 人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyou they宾格物主代词形容词型名词性反身代词不定代词：some, any, no, all, one, every, much, many, little, a little, few, a few, either, both, something, somebody.IV. num. 1. 基数词 2. 序数词V. adj. VI. adv. Unit 11 P294VII. v.1. 时态 Unit 6 P1592. 语态 Unit 7 P1913. 非谓语动词 Unit 8-10 P219，P251, P2834. 语气 Unit 18 539VIII. prep. Unit 12 P348IX. conj. 引导从句 1. 名词性从句 Unit 15 P447 2. 定语从句 Unit 16 P475 3. 状语从句 Unit 17 P507X. inter.SOP( ) n.adj.adv.num.InfinitiveGerundParticiplePrep.Grammar Exercises I. Name the parts of speech of the following words. whethertowardssecondhourrepeatsuccessful notprobablythanbecausewhichevenintelligentdifferregularsomeintoohseemCommunicatewhether连词 towards介词 second数词 hour名词 repeat动词 successful形容词 not副词 probably副词 than连词 because连词 which连词/代词 even副词 intelligent形容词 differ动词regular形容词 some形容词/代词/副词 into介词 oh感叹词 seem动词 communicate动词II. Name the parts of speech of the underlined words in the following sentences.1. Lets sit round the table.2. The milk remained fresh for a week.3. I will ask leave to call on you on Monday if you can spare me the time.4. Even a child can do it.5. Where there is a will, there is a way.6. After a storm comes a calm.7. The prices of your products seem higher than those of other makes.8. He is given so much without having to do anything in return.9. Hes very strict and makes us work very hard.10. The television news will have a live report of the important meeting in Paris.1.let动词 round介词2.fresh形容词 for介词3.leave名词 call动词 on介词 if连词 spare动词4.Even副词 it代词5.Where连词 will名词6.after介词 calm名词7.seem动词 those代词 makes名词8.without介词 return名词9.strict形容词 work动词10.news名词 live形容词 meeting名词III. Underline the subjects and the predicate verbs of the following sentences.1Most adults would disagree with this statement. 2How much time did they allow you for doing the work? 3I had a visit from Mary yesterday. 4Chinas stand on this question is clear to all. 5Warm clothes protect against the cold of winter.6What we need is more practice.7There doesnt seem to be much chance of my getting the job.8In those years the cost of living rose by nearly 4 percent.9There are a number of people interested in the case.10Every means has been tried but without much result. IV. Name each of the underlined members of the following sentences.1. I read a magazine after dinner last night.2. A friend in need is a friend in deed. 3. Telephoning a place outside your area is called telephoning long distance.4. you can leave your children to the day-care center all day.5. Under his direction she set herself to learn French6. He doctor advised me to get plenty of exercise.7. How long does it take for a letter to get to London?8. God helps those who help themselves.9. They considered her above others.10. Your plan to build a hotel in the village considers first the interest of the foreigners.1a magazine 宾语last night 时间状语 2in need 定语in deed 方式状语 3outside your area 定语telephoning long distance 宾语 4your children 宾语 all day 时间状语 5his direction 介词宾语French 宾语 6me 间接宾语plenty of exercises 不定式的宾语 7long 宾语 to London 地点状语 8those 宾语 help themselves 定语从句的谓语 9her宾语 above others 宾语补足语 10to build a hotel in the village 定语 of the foreigners 定语五大基本句型 Basic Sentence Pattern P53S V PS VS V OS V Oi OdS V O CI. S V P V系: be表示改变: become, get, grow, turn, come, go.表示保持: hold, remain, stand, stay.好像: appear, seem感官动词: look, watch, observe, hear, sound, taste, smell, feel, touch. e.g.: I am Leos. The train is to leave at 3 p.m. My job is selling newspaper. It is amazing My duty is off.II. S V Vi. 不及物动词，后不加谓语 e.g.: The sun rises in the east. The book belong in the textbook.III. S V O Vt. 及物动词+宾语e.g.: The machine is drilling a hole. I will take it. I want to be someone. Stop crying! I will count three.IV. S V Oi Od Vt. 及物动词+双宾语 e.g.: I told you a story His parents bought him an expensive apartment near the Summer Palace. I told a story to you His parents bought an apartment for himV. S V O C Vt. 及物动词加宾语，以及宾语的补足语。宾语与补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系 e.g.: I allow my students to copy their assignments. My students copy their assignments They call me Leos. I am Leos.S ( ) | V P O , Grammar ExercisesI. Write the Basic Sentence Pattern after each of the following sentences.1. The sun sets in the west.2. She has been looking for her lost watch.3. They have elected him president.4. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.5. Bad workmen often blame their tools.6. They smelled the material burning.7. President Clinton clearly suspects his party to have little chance of winning the next election.8. She seldom showed her feelings.9. Could you tell me the right time, please?10. I always find her happy.11. You must get everything ready before six.12. Now housing problems are becoming more and more serious.13. He advised the young man to give up smoking.14. She bought her daughter a foreign-brand ice-cream.15. His dream of becoming an engineer has come true.S V; S V; S V O C; S V P; S VOS V O C; S V O C; S V O; S V O O; S V O C;S V O C; S V P; S V O C; S V O O; S V PII. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verbs given below.remember look gave was prefersounds need make worked insisted1. They _ walking to cycling.2. He _ on being treated as an ordinary worker.3. Computers _ electricity for power.4. New technology would _ an office or company better organized.5. I dont _ having ever promised you that.6. The flowers _ especially pleasant after the rain.7. He _ late to make up for his absence yesterday.8. She _ not well prepared for all the new machines in the office.9. When you listen carefully, his story _ true.10. He _ her everything he had.prefer; insisted; need; make; rememberlook; worked; was; sounds; gaveIII. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1. After a short time the computers _ from Hong Kong.A. madeB. arrivedC. becomeD. paid2. He didnt tell his friend that he was _ worse and worse.A. leavingB. servingC. feelingD. receiving3. The president _ Mr. Baker medical advisor.A. praisedB. promisedC. imaginedD. appointed4. Quality _ more than quantity.A. mattersB. furthersC. overcomesD. enjoys.5. The dish doesnt _ so good as it looks.A. eatB. tasteC. feedD. drink6. That will _ us a lot of trouble.A. dropB. cutC. saveD. spare7. He _ his seat to a woman with a baby in her arms.A. offeredB. orderedC. satD. left8. I dont _ what you do, but please do something.A. mindB. refuseC. objectD. care9. Have you ever _ going to Canada?A. consideredB. thoughtC. wantedD. supposed10. If you _ by bus often, you may want to buy a bus pass.A. goB. sitC. sunD. rideB C D A B C A D A D IV. Translate the following sentences into English, using the sentence patterns given.句子的用途分类 P107I. 陈述句II. 疑问句1. 一般疑问句一般疑问句是疑问句的一种。它是指用yes或no来回答的句子。其结构是：be/助动词/情态动词主语其他成分?如:Is this your pen?Yes it is./No it isnt.注意：将陈述句变为一般疑问句时，如句中有be 动词（am is are ）时，可直接将它们提至主语前。如主语为第一人称，应将其改为第二人称。如：Im in Class Grade Are you in Class Grade Were watching TV Are you watching TV陈述句中有情态动词（can may must ）时，也可直接将它们提至主语前，即可成为一般疑问句。如：He can swim now Can he swim nowThe children may come with us May the children come with us陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时，变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does 主语后的实义动词用原形。如：I like these animals Do you like these animalsShe wants to go to the movies Does she want to go to the movies一般疑问句一般读升调()一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。2. 特殊疑问句以疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：what who whose which when where how why等。特殊疑问句有两种语序：）如疑问词作主语或主语的定语，即对主语或主语的定语提问，其语序是陈述句的语序：疑问词（主语）谓语动词其他成分？如：who is singing in the roomwhose bike is broken）如疑问词作其他成分，即对其他成分提问，其语序是：疑问词一般疑问句语序？如：what class are you inWhat does she look likeWhere are you fromWhat time does he get up every morningHow do you know特殊疑问词Who谁Whose谁的Why为什么 When什么时候 Where在哪里 Which哪一个What什么 ( What time什么时间 What colour什么颜色）How怎么样（How many多少数量 How much多少钱价格 How long多长 How often多少次 How big多大 How heavy多重重量How far多远路程3. 选择疑问句选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择。这类疑问句有两种形式：一种是以一般疑问句的结构形式为基础，只是在语调上有所区别。例如： 这一类选择疑问句通常都是在前一个供选择的答案用低升调，后一个用降调；如果有两个以上供选择的答案，则在最后一个用降调，其余都用低升调。例如：Would you like a gin，or a whisky，or a beer？你是要喝杜松子酒，还是威士忌酒，还是啤酒？这种语调上的特征往往是区别选择疑问句和一般疑问句的重要标志。试比较：Shall we leave at six or seven？我们是 6 点动身还是 7点动身？Shall we leave at six or seven？我们在6，7点钟动身好吗？上述第一例是选择疑问句，其答案只能是两者之一。We shall leave at six seven我们将在6点7点动身。上述第二例是一般疑问句，它的答案只是 yesno，而且并不肯定是6点或7点，甚至可能既不是6点，也不是7点：Yes，we shall leave at six or seven是的，我们将在 6， 7点钟动身。NoWe must leave earlier不。我们必须早点动身。另一种选择疑问句是以特殊疑问句的结构形式为基础的，也是在语调上有所区别。例如： Which vase shall I use, the short one or the tall one?The tall one.4. 反意疑问句(The Disjunctive Question) 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。 1）陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式 2）陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式 They work hard, dont they? She was ill yesterday, wasnt she? You didnt go, did you? He cant ride a bike, can he? 请注意以下句型的反义疑问句的用法： 1当陈述部分的主语是I , everyone, everything, nobody 时，后面的疑问句应表示为： I am a student, arent I ?Everyone is in the classroom, arent they? (基本不用单数）Everything begins to grow in spring, doesnt it? Nobody will go, will they? 2. 当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时，后面的疑问句则为肯定形式： There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? 3. 当陈述部分是I think 加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。 I think chickens can swim, cant they? I think Lucy is a good girl, isnt she? I didnt think he was happy, was he? 4. 陈述部分有had better 时，疑问句应用hadnt开头： Youd better get up early, hadnt you? 5.当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达 Lets go out for a walk, shall we? （当开头是Lets时，一定要用shall we。Let us也不行）Let us go out for a walk, will you? Turn on the radio, will you? 6.反意疑问句的回答用yes， no， 但是，回答意思相反,当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。如： They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？ Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。No, they dont. 对， 他们工作不努力。快速记忆表陈述部分的谓语疑问部分Iarent IWishmay +主语no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,肯定含义rarely, little等否定含义的词ought to（肯定的）shouldnt/ oughtnt +主语 have to+v.(had to+v.)dont +主语(didnt +主语) used todidnt +主语或 usednt +主语 had better + v.hadnt youwould rather + v.wouldnt +主语youd like to + v.wouldnt +主语must根据实际情况而定感叹句中be +主语Neithernor, eitheror 连接的根据其实际逻辑意义而定并列主语指示代词或不定代词everything, that,主语用itnothing, this并列复合句谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定 定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句根据主句的谓语而定think, believe, expect,suppose, imagine等引导与宾语从句相对应的从句everybody, anyone,somebody, nobody, no one复数they, 单数he情态动词dare或needneed (dare ) +主语dare, need 为实义动词do +主语省去主语的祈使句will you？Lets 开头的祈使句Shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句Will you?there be相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）否定前缀不能视为否定词仍用否定形式must表推测根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句Grammar ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following is a declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory sentence.1. He told me to take this medicine every four hours.2. If you cannot be at home to look after your children, arrange to have them go to a daycare center.3. Making good grades is only one of our goals.4. How fast he spoke to his audience!5. Was anyone seen to go out?6. How happy we are to have you with us!7. Believe in yourself and your ability to deal with difficult problems.8. Whether or not they will go depends on the weather.9. You may be able to get special prices on some days of the week or times of the year. 10. Lets go our and enjoy the fresh air.1.陈述句2.祈使句3.陈述句4.感叹句5.疑问句 6.感叹句 7.祈使句8.陈述句 9.陈述句 10.祈使句II. Change each of the following sentences into a general question.1. He attended the English lecture yesterday. Did he attend the English lecture yesterday?2. It was still raining when I came in. Was it still raining when you came in?3. There is someone in the house.Is there anyone in the house?4. The baby was well looked after.Was the baby well looked after? 5. I usually get up early in the morning.Do you usually get up early in the morning?6. I like to study in the reading room. Do you like to study in the reading room?7. He can tell me the result next week. Can he tell you the result next week?8. She was able to swim across the lake. Was he able to swim across the lake?9. It will be good weather tomorrow. Will it be good weather tomorrow?10. Mr. Brown lost his job again.Did Mr. Brown lose his job again?III. Change each of the following sentences into a special question to which the underlined part is the answer.1. The post office is near the bank.Where is the post office?2. Tom graduated from college in 1994.When did Tom graduate from college?3. He studies French very hard.How does he study French? 4. My sister lost the key to the door.Who lost the key to the door?5. Miss Lee felt very bad that she had failed in the exam.Why did Miss Lee feel very sad?6. Telephone numbers are listed in the telephone book.What are listed in the telephone book? 7. My mother is quite all right.How is your mother?8. I think she is going to take No.331 Bus.Which bus do you think she is going to take? 9. He advised me to eat more vegetable.What did he advise you to do?10. He came to borrow my car.Why did he come?IV. Translate the following sentences into English1. 她与丈夫在许多问题上的观点不一致。She has different views with her husband on many issues. (或She disagrees with her husband on many issues.)2. 你能不能谈谈有关收税方面的问题？Can you talk about something about tax?3. 请给我来一杯啤酒。Bring me a glass of beer, please.4. 你叔叔在家里一句话也不说，是不是？Your uncle doesnt speak a word at home, does he?5. 这些顾客在抱怨些什么？What are the customers complaining about?6. 去年夏天他是在法国还是在意大利旅行？Did he travel in France or in Italy last summer?7. 你是在报纸上还是在杂志上看到这个广告的？Did you see the advertisement in a newspaper or in a magazine?8. 你购买东西是要交销售税吗？Do you have to pay sales tax when you buy something?9. 谁负责公司的广告业务？Who are responsible for the advertising business of the company?10. 那时候许多挣工资的人都不支持联邦政府，是不是？At that time, many salaried people did not support the federal government, did they?句子的结构分类 P135S ( ) | V P O , I. 简单句 只有一个主谓结构的句子II. 并列句 用并列连词连接的两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子 并列连词: and, so, not only. but also., neither nor., or, otherwise, either. or., but, yet, still, however, while, whereas, for.III. 主从句 用一个主谓结构充当另外一个主谓结构中的一个成为 1. 名词性从句 Unit 15 P447 2. 定语从句 Unit 16 P475 3. 状语从句 Unit 17 P507Grammar ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following sentenc