20131229 中英啜晨曦甘家口陈宏浩.doc

巨人聚优教研室校区：甘家口 科目：英语 年级：高三 总第 次课学生：陈宏浩 编号： 教师： 啜晨曦 日期： 2013年12月29日 第十章：单项选择第七讲：冠词【课标导航】课程目标层次要求 不定冠词基本用法定冠词基本用法冠词类易错考点【知识梳理】高考冠词部分的考查内容主要是a/an，定冠词及零冠词(即名词前不用冠词的情况)的选择和运用。它要求考生能在真实的交际情景及语境中正确地使用冠词，对名词的数有清楚的认识。下面结合高考试题加以归纳及总结。一、不定冠词的用法考点一： a/an用于表示泛指不定冠词用于单数可数名词前，可表示种类或属性，它往往有“一”的意思，但更侧重于说明各类或属性，而不强调数量；它也可表示“一”这个数量意思，此时和one差不多；还可表示“某一个”，但仍译作“一个”。归纳起来看以上三种情况都属于泛指的范畴。Rome was not built in a day.(句中a相当于one表数量)twice a week/one at a time/in a word /8 hours a day(同上)A Zhang/ professor is waiting for you outside. (句中a相当于a certain 或some，表示某一个，但不知道具体是谁。)A teacher must love his students.(句中a teacher指的是一类人且属泛指。)考点二： 单数可数名词前a/an的选择不定冠词a，an用于单数可数名词，表示“一个/一本/一辆/”。an用于以元音开头的名词前(注意：不是以元音字母开头的词)。a book; a hospital; a traffic accidentan apple; an orange; an easygoing man用a还是用an，需注意如下几点：(1)以u开头的单词读ju时用a，读时用an。an unhappy boy；a useful language；a university(2)有些单词开头的辅音字母h不发音时，应该用an。an hour; an honest man但是：a hotel(3)注意有些合成词前不定冠词的使用。an 800word composition；a onelegged table(4)英语中抽象名词与物质名词属于不可数名词，但其中有部分，当前边有形容词修饰时，名词前边也可以加不定冠词a/an，但不可受one的修饰，也没有复数形式，自然也不能加s或es，此类名词叫做特殊的单数名词。have a good time(玩得开心)；have a population of(有人口)；have a knowledge of(对了解，有方面知识)；have/cover an area of(占地)；for a long time(很久)。还有一部分不可数名词由抽象的不可数意义具体化成某一次短暂动作、行为、事件或具体的人。have a dream/rest/smoke/swim/wash/look/trip(一次短暂行动)take a walk/bath；make an early start/a decision/a change (同上)What a surprise you gave me！(surprise具体成一次惊喜)You have been a great help to me.(help具体成有帮助的人)Its a pleasure/an honour/a pity/a joy to.(令人的事)As a writer he is a success.(成功的人)What a pity/ shame/ honour！(多么令人的事)考点三： a/an与形容词、副词放在一起时的语序问题冠词在高考题中多次与形容词、副词放在一起来考查语序；如全国题中It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.需牢记如下有关语序的短语或句子：Our neighbor has as big a house as ours.; a more efficient worker; a fairly easy question; a rather easy question/rather an easy question; quite a nice day; too nice a book; many a student; half an hour等。考点四： 固定短语中总用不定冠词的情况需牢记如下习惯用不定冠词的固定短语。become a writer (turn writer); for a while; once upon a time; as a rule; all of a sudden; on average; as a whole; in a hurry; to have / take a rest; keep an eye on; in a way; make it a rule; once in a while; with a smile; lend a hand; make a living; make a promise; dream a good dream; live a hard life; get in a word; have a pain; make an effort; make an apology; pay a visit to; have a word with sb.; have a cold; have a good time; keep a diary; at a loss; tell a lie; do sb. a favour; at a distance等。二、定冠词的用法考点一： 定冠词表示特指(1)定冠词主要和名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或东西，它可以表示说话双方都知道的人或事物，或有一个定语明确限定其范围或确定其为某一具体的人或事物；在初次提到某物时，一般用不定冠词，在第二次提到时用定冠词。The sign reads“In case of fire，break the glass and push the red button.”(与the glass一样the button为依场景可明确知道的消防器上的按钮。)He bought a TV and a video recorder，but he returned the TV yesterday.(后句中TV为第二次提到)in spring/in the spring of 1937(具体某一年的春天)by 2090by the year 2090(2)定冠词与名词或形容词连用表示一类人或东西。A horse is a useful animal.(侧重于类别中任何一个的特点)The horse is a useful animal.(侧重于整个类别，以区别于另类物体)Horses are useful animals.(侧重于指类别中许多个体)马是(一种)有用的动物。(三个句子都表示类别，但各有侧重)The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.(不能用a，因为濒临灭绝的是整个虎类，而非任何一只老虎都面临灭绝的危险。)定冠词也可加形容词来表示类指的意义。如：the blind/rich/wounded/new/learned/dying盲人/富人/伤员/新事物/博学者/垂死的人考点二： 固定短语及固定用法中要用the的情况需注意英语中一些固定短语中的the。by the hour / metre; in the distance; in the daytime; by the way; all the year round; on the left; on the other hand; in the darkness; catch / take sb. by the hand; pat / hit sb. on the head / in the face; break the law; make the bed; on the phone ( on TV ); in the south of; in the east; the other day; in the 1870s; the Greens; for the good of; in the habit of; at the time of; for the time being; go to the doctors/cinema/theatre; on the whole; in the morning / afternoon等。还应注意：1. 有些词前用冠词和不用冠词，意义不同be in hospital在住院be in the hospital在医院里be in prison在坐牢be in the prison在监狱里in front of在前面(指整体外部)in the front of在前部(指整体内部)by bus乘公共汽车(表交通方式)in a (the) bus 坐在公共汽车里(使用具体交通工具)at table/desk在就餐/学习at the table/desk在餐桌/书桌旁in charge of负责，掌管in the charge of在的掌管之下out of the question不可能out of question不成问题go to church去做礼拜go to the church到教堂去take place发生take the place(of)代替at sea在海上航行at the sea在海边in class在课堂上(多指上课时)in the class在班上leave school毕业leave the school离开学校，放学in future今后(从现在起的将来)from now onin the future将来by day在白天by the day按日计算；论日in possession of(人)拥有in the possession of(物)为人拥有2. 有些词前用定冠词和用不定冠词，意义不同the number of.的数量a number of许多，大量the second time第二次a second time又一次(again)a Chinese一个中国人the Chinese中国人(总称)the most beautiful park最美的公园a most beautiful park一个十分美丽的公园三、零冠词的用法考点一： 泛指的不可数名词及复数名词前不加冠词零冠词可数名词复数表示泛指，不可数名词前不加任何冠词也可表示泛指。Cigarettes are bad for your health.We dont know whether there is water on the moon.考点二： 一些固定不需要冠词的词组英语中有许多习惯不用冠词的短语：in peace; in town; in use; in pencil; in trouble; in ink; in danger; in thought; day and night; hand in hand; shoulder to shoulder; husband and wife; heart and soul; step by step; at war; on duty; in honour of; in return; in search of; in fact; in order; out of order; on guard; under repair; have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.; lose/gain weight; at daybreak /sunset/noon; from morning till night; by bike/bus/train; on foot; at breakfast(吃早饭时); at table(吃饭); at dinner(吃饭); in class(在课堂上); in court (出庭作证); in debt(欠债); in good (poor) health身体健康(不健康); in good condition(状况好); in great demand; in great need; in time of danger; in office(就职); in favor of; with anger; in colour; in general; in size; in length; in character(在性格上); in sight; in (out of )order; on business; on holiday; on leave(休假); on strike; on watch; on fire; on time等。考点三： 表季节、月份、星期、学科、三餐、球棋项目的名词前及称呼语、头衔名词Spring follows winter.(但要说in the winter of 1997)He studies biology at University.We have few classes on Saturday.(但要说on a rainy Sunday)We elected him president of our University.(名词作宾补)Child as/though he is，he knows a lot.Though he is a child, he knows a lot.解 题 技 巧1. 准确翻译法冠词a/an表示“一个，一种，某一个”，一般泛指任意一个，而the表示“这个，那个”，是特指。所以在大多数情况下，如果我们能准确地把泛指或特指的意思翻译出来，就能够正确地解答该题。 2. 掌握特指还是泛指的含义特指是指说话人和听话人都知道的那个对象，而如果双方都不知道，我们就要注意，它是否表示的是泛指。考,例In Hangzhou Mr. Green was so struck by_beauty of_nature that he stayed for another night.A. /; /B. /; theC. the; / D. the; the答案与解析：Cbeauty是特指“大自然的美丽”，故加定冠词；nature作“大自然”解，是不可数名词，不能加冠词。3. 掌握一些固定的搭配在一些短语中我们要用不定冠词，而在一些短语中，我们必须用定冠词。这就要求我们在平时的学习中，注意归纳和掌握，并且能够灵活地运用。例,1Paper money was in_use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in_thirteenth century.A. the; / B. the; theC. /; the D. /; /答案与解析：Cin use是一个固定短语，意思为“在使用之中”；century前有序数词修饰，必须加定冠词。考,例Many people are still in_habit of writing silly things in_ public places.A. the; the B. /; /C. the; / D. /; the答案与解析：Cin the habit of意思为“有的习惯”。public places为复数名词，表示泛指，不能加冠词。错 解 分 析1.语境理解错误考,例This is our contribution to_world of the 21st century，_world of independence and natural understanding.A. the; / B. /; aC. a; the D. the; a答案与解析：D第一个world受后面限制性定语的修饰，故前面要加定冠词。第二个world是前面一个的同位语，of后面为描述性定语，故应加不定冠词。错因分析：正确理解上下文的语境，把握同一单词在不同语境中的用法。2短语搭配错误考,例Pears are usually sold by_weight, and eggs are sometimes sold by _ dozen.A. the; the B. /; aC. /; the D. the; a答案与解析：C按码/小时/年等用by the yard/hour/year.，但按重量/体积等用by weight/volume。错因分析：注意按码/小时/年/重量/体积等计算时定冠词的使用。3习惯用法错误考,例As you know ，_man cant live without_water.A. /; / B. the; aC. a; the D. /; the答案与解析：A句意：人类没有水不能生存。man表“人类”之意，其前不用冠词；water为不可数名词，其前也不用冠词。错因分析：注意不可数名词、抽象名词的冠词使用。4逻辑意思错误考,例I know_John Lennon, but not_famous one.A. /; a B. a; theC. /; the D. the; a答案与解析：B从上下文可以看出第一空是指一个叫John Lennon的人，是泛指，所以用不定冠词；后一空是特指那个著名的John Lennon，所以用定冠词。错因分析：正确分析具体的语境，不能按照思维定势认为姓名前不加冠词。5句子结构错误考,例Would you like to join us?Sorry, but Im not_as any of you.A. so good a player B. so a good playerC. a such good player D. such good a player答案与解析：A冠词在“such不定冠词形容词名词；so形容词不定冠词名词”中的位置。错因分析：注意在有such，so修饰时冠词的位置。考 题 对 接.高考题1(2009浙江)I dont understand what the engineer means, but Ive got _ rough idea of _ project plan.Athat; aB/；theCthe; / Da; the答案与解析：D句意：我不理解这位工程师的意思是什么，但我对这项工程计划有了大致的了解。a rough idea意为“大致的想法或了解”，此处的idea是可数名词，表泛指；第二个空应为特指，所以用定冠词the。2(2009辽宁)This area experienced _ heaviest rainfall in _ month of May.A/；a Ba; theCthe; the Dthe; a答案与解析：Cheaviest为形容词最高级，所以第一个空填定冠词the; 第二个空后的month与介词of后的May为同位关系，表特指，所以也应填the。故正确答案为C项。3(2009全国)What I need is _ book that contains _ ABC of oil painting.Aa; / Bthe; /Cthe; an Da; the答案与解析：D句意：我需要的是一本讲解油画基本知识的书。第一空填入不定冠词，表示泛指；第二空填入定冠词，在这里the ABC of sth.表示“的入门知识”。4(2009北京)The biggest whale is _ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters longthe height of _ 9story building.Athe; the Ba; aCa; the Dthe; a答案与解析：D句意：最大的鲸鱼是蓝鲸，能长到29米长，是一座九层建筑物的高度。the加名词表一类事物，the blue whale指蓝鲸，第二个空泛指一座九层高的建筑，故选D项。5(2008辽宁，24)My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _ energy.Aa; / Bthe; theC/; the Da; the答案与解析：D句意：我的邻居邀请我去散步，但我认为我已经连散步的力气都没有了。注意题干中ask sb. for a walk是固定短语，表示“邀请某人散步”，后半句补充完整是I dont think Ive got the energy to go for a walk，所以energy是特指“去散步的力气”。A、B、C三项均属冠词误用。6(2007浙江，4)I like _ color of your skirt. It is _ good match for your blouse.Aa; the Ba; aCthe; a Dthe; the答案与解析：C句意：我喜欢你裙子的颜色。它和你的衬衫搭配得非常好。第一个空用the，特指裙子的颜色；第二个空用a，表泛指，指一种非常好的搭配。5(2009安徽)We can never expect _ bluer sky unless we create _ less polluted world.Aa; a Ba; theCthe; a Dthe; the答案与解析：A句意：如果我们不能创造一个污染更少的世界，我们就永远不能期盼一片更蓝的天空。此处都用不定冠词，表示泛指。8(2008山东，21)Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource.A/; a B/; theCthe; the Dthe; a答案与解析：Dthe Internet“因特网”，表特指，因此必须加the; resource作“(教学)资源，办法”解，是可数名词。6(2009陕西)What _ pity that you couldnt be there to receive _prize!Aa; a Bthe; aCa; the Dthe; the答案与解析：CWhat a pity that.为固定句型，意为“是多么遗憾的一件事啊！”，另有固定句型“Its a pity that.”，故第一空用不定冠词a；第二空表特指用定冠词the。句意：你不能来这授奖，真遗憾！故选C项。7(2009海南、宁夏，全国)Lets go to _ cinemathatll take your mind off the problem for _ while.Athe; the Bthe; aCa; the Da; a答案与解析：Bgo to the cinema和for a while都是固定词组，分别表示“去看电影”和“一会儿”。8(2009重庆)Washing machines made by China have won _ worldwide attention and Haier has become _ popular name.Aa; the B/; aC/; the Dthe; a答案与解析：B句意：中国制造的洗衣机赢得了世界的关注，海尔已成为大众喜爱的一个品牌名称。attention是不可数名词，此处表泛指，用零冠词；name是可数名词，此处也表泛指，需用不定冠词修饰，故B项正确。9(2009江西)Some people fear that _ air pollution may bring about changes in _ weather around the world.A/; the Bthe; /Can; the Dthe; a答案与解析：A句意：一些人害怕空气污染可能会引起/造成世界气候的变化。第一空后的air pollution为抽象名词，表泛指概念，故不用冠词；第二空的不可数名词weather后有修饰短语around the world，表特指，用定冠词，故选A项。10(2009四川)In order to find _ better job, he decided to study _ second foreign language.Athe; a Ba; aCthe; the Da; the答案与解析：B句意：为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习一门外语。第一个a表示泛指；a second又一。【经典例题】1(2009南通调研)What lessons China can draw from _ global financial crisis has become _ hot topic among us students. Athe; a B/; a Ca; the D/; the答案与解析：A第一空指“全球金融危机”为特指，选the；第二空指“一个热门话题”为泛指。故选A项。2(2009日照模拟)Although everything seems to have been taken into consideration, _ accident can happen when the astronauts walk in _ space.A/; the Ban; the Cthe; the Dan; /答案与解析：D第一空填不定冠词表泛指，第二空space“太空”前不加冠词，故选D项。3(2009大连测试)A proverb says that _ new broom sweeps clean, but _ old one knows all the corners.Aa; the Ba; an Cthe; an Dthe; a答案与解析：B由句意知两空都为泛指。意思是：新官上任三把火。4(2009北京崇文区)The sportsman didnt manage to break _ record, but it was _ good try.A.a; the Bthe; a Ca; / Dthe; /答案与解析：B由句意知第一空提到的纪录是彼此都知晓的，故用the；而第二空则是泛指，a good try(一次很好的尝试)。综上，选B项。5(2009玉林、南宁联考)Of all the subjects, I like _ history the best because it gives us _ useful knowledge of things in the past.A.the; a B/; aCa; the Da; /答案与解析：B科目前不加冠词，knowledge为不可数名词，但用来表示某一门具体知识时，其前加不定冠词，故选B项。6(2009重庆诊断性考试)Oh, its raining again.What shall we do today?What about renting _ movie or listen to _ music?Aany; any Ba; theCthe; a Da; some答案与解析：D第一空为泛指，表“租一张影碟”，故用a；“听音乐”用listen to music表示，因此第二空应排除冠词，在疑问句中可用some表示建议，因此第二空可填some。Washing machines made by China have won _ worldwide attention and Haier has become _ popular name.Aa; the B/; aC/; the Dthe; a答案与解析：B考查冠词。题中的attention为不可数名词，且表泛指概念，故第一空不用冠词；第二空用不定冠词表泛指概念，“某一，一个”，即海尔成了一个知名品牌。综上，选B项。7(2009北京东城区)Have you read _ todays news? The price of _ houses has slightly gone down.A.the; the B/; theCthe; / D/; /答案与解析：D第一空中已有定语todays，故不填定冠词，更不填不定冠词，因news为不可数名词；第二空“房子”泛指。综上选D项。8(2009湖南十二校联考)It is thought that, now that Obama is safely in _ office, he is trying to appeal to younger Americans once morewith some help from _ hairdresser.Athe; the Ban; a C/; a Dthe ；/ 答案与解析：C固定搭配：in office“任职”；a hairdresser表泛指，故选C项。9(2009启东中学)Im so sorry to have come late for the meeting.Its not your fault. With _ rushhour traffic and _ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late.A.a; a Bthe; the C/; / D/; a 答案与解析：B由句意知the rushhour traffic及the heavy rain都为特指，故选B项。10(2009盐城调研)Welcome to T, here are _ tips on taking part, but to join in, all you need to do is add _ comment.A/; / B/; a C/; the Dthe; /答案与解析：B由句意知第一空格处不填冠词，因tips表泛指；第二空格处填一表泛指的不定冠词。故选B项。11(2009宜春期末)The tour will provide _ unique opportunity for you to live with British family for a week in _ hope that you will have a better understanding of the UK. Aa; / Ban; /Ca; the Dan; the答案与解析：Cprovide a unique opportunity“提供一个特别的机会”，注意形容词unique的发音，不是元音开头，故选a; in the hope“怀着希望”，为固定搭配，故选C项。12(2009漳州质检)Because _ unemployment is very high at present; its not easy for a fresh graduate to find _ satisfying job as he wishes.Athe; / B/; /Cthe; a Dan; the答案与解析：B句中第一空unemployment“失业率”为抽象名词，其前不加冠词；a job“一份工作”为泛指，其前加不定冠词。故选B项。句意：由于目前失业率很高，大学毕业生很难找到一份称心如意的工作。13(2009常德检测)Dr. Wasser said _ loss of the elephants would have _ negative impact on the ecosystem.Aa; a B.the; the Cthe; an Dthe; a 答案与解析：D第一空填the表示特指，因其后有of短语作定语；第二空为固定搭配have a/ an. impact on sb./ sth.“对某人或某物有影响”。综上选D项。14(2009徐州调研)Graduates of 2009 share _ fate of entering the work force at a bad time, when the world is sinking deeper into _ financial crisis.Athe; the Ba; the Ca; / Dthe; a答案与解析：D由句中的of短语作定语知第一空填the表特指；第二空填不定冠词a表泛指。故选D项。15(2009江苏四市联考)Local people said Israeli troops were seen before dawn Sunday in _ town of Beit Lahiya, _ north of Gaza City.A/; / Ba; theBthe; the Dthe; /答案与解析：D第一空由其后的of短语作定语知town为特指；第二空后的north为副词，其前不加冠词，故选D项。【强化训练】&【课后作业】（注：本专题根据学生的程度及上课接受情况适当选择部分进行上课练习，部分做为课后作业。）【A卷】1、(08全国卷II 08) Its not _ good idea to drive for four hours without _ break. A. a; a B. the; a C. the; the D. a; the2、(08重庆卷 27)In many places in China, bicycle is still poplar means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the3、(08辽宁卷 24)My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got _ energy. A. a; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填；the D. a; the4、(08山东卷 21)Students should be encouraged to use _ Internet as _ resource. A. 不填；a B. 不填; the C. the; the D. the; a5、(08江苏卷 21) We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填6、(08江西卷30)- I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting. - It is not your fault. With _ rush-hour traffic and _ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. A. a; a B. the; the C. /; / D. /; a7、(08浙江卷02) _ apple fell from the tree and hit him on _ head. A