21高考英语--名词从句座.doc

高中英语-名词性从句讲座在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一名词性从句的句子结构1. 主语从句：主语 句子-主语从句 + 谓语 + （宾语、直宾+宾语、宾语+宾补）主语 句子-主语从句 + 系动词、半系半动（tastesoundfeelsmelllook） + 表语2. 宾语从句：主语+ 谓语 + 宾语 句子-宾语从句 主语+ 谓语 + 宾语 句子-宾语从句 + 宾补 =主语+ 谓语 + it形式宾语 + 宾补 句子-宾语从句 主语+ 谓语 + 间接宾语+直接宾语 句子-宾语从句 3. 表语从句：主语+ 系动词 + 表语 句子-表语从句 4. 同位语从句：主语 同位语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语主语+ 谓语 + 宾语 同位语从句主语+ 系动词 + 表语 同位语从句三种句式变名词性从句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句That +陈述句 （作主语）whetherif +一般疑问句=变=陈述句结构（作主语） + 谓语 + 宾语特殊疑问词（疑问副词、疑问代词）引导的一般疑问形式=变=陈述句结构（作主语）疑问代词、疑问副词在名词性从句中转变成连接代词和连接副词。二 名词性从句导航名词性从句是英语高考试题中含盖率最高的一个，分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点和出题频率主要有以下六个方面的重点：1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题2. 考查引导词that与what的区别3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法4. 考查whether与if的区别5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题三. 引导名词性从句的连接词的词义和在从句中的语法功能. who“谁”，在从句中做主语。. whom“谁”，在从句中做宾语，但在口语中常用who代替whom. . whoever(=anyone who)，它的意思是“凡是的人； 谁谁就”，它的宾格形式是whomever （但在口语中常用whoever 代替 whomever）. . whose “谁的”，在从句中做定语. . what(=the +n. + 定语从句)“什么，所以的”；whatever(=anything+ 定语从句)“凡是的物”。What 和whatever都可在从句中做主语、表语、宾语等。. which“哪一个；哪些”；whichever”无论哪一个都”。Which 和whichever都可在从句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。. where “在哪儿”，在从句中做地点状语；when”什么时候”，在从句中做时间状语；how”多么”，在从句中做方式状语；why”为什么”在从句中做原因状语。. whether”是否”，在从句中不充当任何语法成分，引导及物动词的宾语从句时，可换成if, 引导介词的宾语从句或引导主语、表语、同位语从句时，只用whether.即if只能用于引导及物动词后的宾语从句。. that无汉语意思，在从句中也不充当任何语法成分，只起连接作用。四引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类连 接 词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）。连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which（原特殊疑问句中的疑问代词）连接副词：when, where, how, why（原特殊疑问句中的疑问副词）五. 四大名词性从句的讲解1. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。that he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。（that 引导主语从句时往往放在句首，不做任何成分，并且不能省略。）有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 （4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句2. 宾语从句一个句子用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句和表语从句的连接词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。宾语从句中that不可省略的情况（1）当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时;I have learned that Mr. Wang will return to China next week. 我得知王老师下周将返回中国。（2）当宾语从句较长时;We must never think that we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。（3）当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;When he got to England, he found, however, that his English was too limited.然而当他到英国时，他发现他的英语很有限。（4）当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in the world, and that we must keep if among us and never forget it.他说，法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须坚持说法语，永远也不要忘记它。（5）当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时;He said that that was a good idea. 他说那是个好主意。 （6）当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。（7）当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl.那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套。（8）当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;（9）当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;（10）在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.“I m sorry to tell you,”he said,” that you didnt watch carefully enough what I did.”我很遗憾地告诉大家，你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。宾语从句的难点在于语序、引导词和时态三方面。 一 在宾语从句中主谓结构的语序不用颠倒。这一点本来对中国人来说并不困难，因为汉语句子的语序一般都是主语在前，谓语在后。请对比下列两个句子：语序方面的错误主要发生在以连接代词(如What, Which)和连接副词(如When, Where等)引导的宾语从句中。同学们常常把从句中的语序用疑问句的语序来代替。例如，由于英语习惯于说：Where is.?有的人就把Can you tell me where the nearest post office is?说成Can you tell me where is the nearest post office?例如：1. What is his name? Do you know what his name is?2. How old is he? Can you tell me how old he is?3.How many English words has he learned? I dont know how many English words he has learned.这样的练习要做多了，就能形成正确的语感。二使用正确的引导词连接宾语从句。大致可分四种情况： 1.如果宾语从句是个陈述句，就用连词that引导，例如：(我想他很快就会回来。)I think(that)hell be back soon. 2.如果宾语从句是由特殊疑问句变来的，该从句可以用由原来引导特殊疑问句的疑问代词或疑问副词变来的连接代词或连接副词引导，例如：(你能告诉我他服了哪种药吗?) Can you tell me which medicine he has taken? 注意：用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3.如宾语从句表示不肯定或疑问，如是否、是不是、能否等，就用连词if/whether来引导。例如：(他问我今天晚上能否帮他复习物理。)He asked me if/whether I could help him with his physics this evening.注意：用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。并且应该注意，if只能用于引导及物动词后的宾语从句。Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？4.有的宾语从句表示某人在某地、某时做的事、说的话、想到的、记得的等意思，就要用连接代词what来引导该从句，what本身既是引导词，又是从句中宾语。例如：(你记得老师昨天在班会上说的话吗?)Do you remember what the teacher said at the class meeting yesterday?三宾语从句的时态问题1. 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），从句中谓语动词根据自身的需要选用任何一种时态。2. 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时（一般过在时、过去进行时、过去完成时），从句中谓语动词要选用过去时态中的一种。I thought he had gone to town today.(我以为他进城去了。)他进城去了可译作he has gone to town。但由于主句谓语动词用的是过去时thought,所以从句的谓语动词就要用过去完成时had gone。3. 如果宾语从句中有明确的过去时间状语时，就使用一般过去时。 I know that you bought a new coat yesterday. 我知道你昨天买了一件新大衣。4. 如果宾语从句说的是客观事实或真理，它的谓语动词仍须用现在一般时，此时不受主句时态限制。Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun. 伽利略坚持地球绕太阳运行的说法。3. 表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 4. 同位语从句同位语从句用来解释说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别： that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）if, whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：主 语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。宾 语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。表 语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同 位 语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。形容词宾语：Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。介 词宾 语：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。六名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题名词性从句中的虚拟语气只涉及一点内容，就是从句中的谓语动词用“should +do动词原形”。Should经常省略。此时应注意句中会出现一些意义为建议、要求、命令的名词或动词。这样的动词有demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词，下面我们以suggest为例：其构成形式如下：1. 在主语从句中：主语从句（句子-句中谓语为“should +do动词原形”）+系动词+表语（表语时表示建议、要求、命令等名词）That we (should) take part in Lucys birthday party is Toms suggestion.It is Toms suggestion that we (should) take part in Lucys birthday party 注意在主语从句中，后面的表语为表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that2. 在宾语从句中：主语 + 谓语（表示建议、要求、命令等动词）+ 宾语从句（句中谓语为“should +do动词原形”）Tom suggested that we (should) take part in Lucys birthday party.3. 在表语从句中：主语（为表示建议、要求、命令等名词）+系动词+表语（句中谓语为“should +do动词原形”）Toms suggestion is that we (should) take part in Lucys birthday party.4. 在同位语从句中：主语（为表示建议、要求、命令等名词）+同位语从句（句中谓语为“should +do动词原形”）+谓语+宾语主语+ 谓语+宾语（为表示建议、要求、命令等名词）+同位语从句（句中谓语为“should +do动词原形”）Toms suggestion that we (should) take part in Lucys birthday party was a good idea.Tom made a suggestion that we (should) take part in Lucys birthday party.七否定转移1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动 词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I dont remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having) Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定状语many weeks)她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。八. 高考考点具体分析共6点内容1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题例1. The photographs will show you _（MET1989）show sb sth= show sth to sb答案：B A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 例2. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _. (NMET2000) 答案：D A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 例3. Can you make sure _ the gold ring? (NMET1990) 答案：C A. where Alice had put B. where did Alice put C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put 例4. He asked _ for the violin. (NMET1991) 答案：D A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 2. 考查引导词that与what的区别例1. _we cant get seems better than _we have. (NMET1996) 答案：AA. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what例2. No one can be sure _ in a million years. (MET1991) 答案：AA. what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like例3. _ you have done might do harm to other people. (MET 1987) 答案：BA. That B. What C. Whether D. How例4. _ you dont like him is none of my business. (上海1992) 答案：CA. What B. Who C. That D. Whether3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法例1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET1995) 答案：DA. There B. This C. That D. It例2. It worried her a bit _her hair w