用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个.doc

用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。 不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。 对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。 一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成： Title(标题) Abstract(摘要) Keywords(关键词) Table of contents(目录) Nomenclature(术语表) Introduction(引言) Method(方法) Results(结果) Discussion(讨论) Conclusion(结论) Acknowledgement(致谢) Reference(参考文献) Appendix(附录) 其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。 学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。 标题的写法 论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。 6.1 标题的长度 标题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等 1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2 2) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0 3) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3 14) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 2 5) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2 6) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4 英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为812个单词左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。 表6.1 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计(一) 标题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等 7) On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 2 8) Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures: A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 4 9) Acoustics of Long Spaces: Theory and Application 7 4 l 2 10) Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 0 11) Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 2 12) High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 2 13 ) Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l 14) The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3. 15) Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3 平均（约） 9 5.5 1.5 2 来源：中国第三届青年学术会议论文集，材料科学与工程技术。北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998。标 题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等 1) Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 2 2) Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 2 3) Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l 4) Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 3 5) Heavy Weight Contenders：a Look at Fat 7 4 1 2 6) A1uminutn：Is It Hazardous to YourHealth? 7 3 1 3 7) The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey 11 5 2 4 8) Sustaining the Discussion：Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 3 9) Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l 10) Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 6 11) Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14851 12) Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents: the College Experience 8503 13) Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 7 14) Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 9522 标 题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容 词等 15) Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14635 平均(约) 9.5 5 1.5 3 来源：The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96(2) 表6.1中列出的是中国科协第三届青年学术年会论文集中15篇英文论文的标题，平均9个单词。表6.2列出的是从The Ohio Journal of Science中随机挑出的15篇论文的标题，平均95个单词。要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨，用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲，选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。 6.2 标题的用词 从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，标题中用得最多的是名词(包括动名词)，平均占总单词数的5060之高。其中有的标题中80以上的词为名词。除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。 标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括，因此用词要贴切、中肯，不能有任何随意性。为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词，下面举例说明标题中关键词的出现率。例1 a 标题：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components b 关键词：fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction 疲劳 点焊 汽车 寿命预测 b标题：Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling 关键词：mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting 铸件充型 计算机模拟 冷隔 铸造 c标题：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant 关键词：air bag out-of-position occupant 安全气囊 离位乘员 c 标题：New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions 关键词：fatigue test statistical method test specimens 疲劳实验 统计方法 试样分析： 例1a中，有4个关键词，在标题里出现了3个，而标题中出现的两个名词词组fatigue life prediction 和 spot welded components都是文章的关键词。 在例1b中，有4个关键词，其中3个出现在标题里。标题中用了4个名词词组：computer simulation，experimental study，cold shut，mold filling，其中3个是关键词。 例1c中有2个关键词，在标题里都出现。标题中用了3个名词或名词词组：investigation，air bags deployment forces，out-of-position occupant，其中两个是关键词。 例1d中有3个关键词，其中2个出现在标题里。 从上面四个例子可以看出，标题中的用词多是文章的关键词，明确、精炼，将文章的主要内容予以高度概括。 标题中用得最多的是名词或名词词组，一般不用动词或动词词组。如果用动词，则用非谓语动词形式，如动名词、不定式或分词。 从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，在标题平均9个单词中，有5.5个是名词，占一半以上。除名词外，用得较多的是介词of，in，on等，再其次是连词and和形容词。偶尔也需要用一些其他词性的词，如副词、冠词等。 6.3 标题的结构 学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组(包括动名词)，介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领域)，但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。 (1)名词性词组 名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。 例2 aSevere Weather and the Automobile (名词词组) (名词词组) bSoil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics (名词词组) (名词词组) cHigh Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling (名词词组) (名词词组) dTraditional Versus Adult Studies Students: the College (名词词组) (名词词组) Experience (2)介词词组 介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话，一般这个介词是“on”，意思是“对的研究”。 例3 a On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor b On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures (3)名词名词词组+介词词组这是标题中用得最多的结构。 例4 aFundamentals of Flow Measurement (名词) (介词词组) bScattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels (名词词组) (介词词组) cDietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students (名词词组) (名词词组) (介词词组) dKnowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students (名词) (介词词组) (介词词组) eDiversity in the Future Work Force (名词) (介词词组) fProgress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials (名词) (介词词组) gDamping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy (名词词组) (介词词组) hAcoustics of Long Spaces：Theory and Application (名词) (介词词组) (名词词组) i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces (名词) (介词词组) on Out-of-Position Occupant (介词词组) j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development (名词) (介词词组) in an Urban Environment (介词词组) 标题中的介词词组一般用来修饰名词或名词词组，从而限定某研究课题的范围。这种结构与中文的“的”字结构相似，区别是中文标题中修饰语在前，中心词在后。英文正好相反，名词在前，而作为修饰语的介词短语在后。 例5 a Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials 燃料电池及其材料进展 b Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling 铸件充型中冷隔过程计算机模拟及其实验研究 c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测 c Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant 安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究 (4)其他形式 对于值得争议的问题，偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题，以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。 例6 a Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow? b Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function? c130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water? 有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号(：)隔开。一般来说，冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题，比较笼统，冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。 模式1 研究课题：具体内容 例7 a Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology：Barriers and Needs b Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and Microchemistry cAcoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Application dImpact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 模式2 研究课题：方法/性质 例8 a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Survey b. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Study c. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey d. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance: Two Case Studies 模式 3 研究课题：问题焦点 a. Aluminum: Is It Hazardous to Your Health? b. Noise: Good? Bad? Maybe Both? c. Manure: Friend or Foe? 思考题 下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。 1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music 2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans 3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land 4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education 5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education 6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered 7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices 8. Yellow Fevers Effect on Transportation and Commerce 9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University 11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis 参考答案 下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。 1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music (合适) 2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans (不合适） 改为：Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans 3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land（不合适) 改为：Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land 4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education( 不合适) 改为：Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education 5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education (合适 ) 6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered（不合适） 改为：Physics and Art: Uncovering Conceptual Linkages 7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices(不合适) 改为：Use of Diamond for Electric Devices 8. Yellow Fevers Effect on Transportation and Commerce (合适） 9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science(不合适) 改为：The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Comell University (合适) 11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis ( 不合适) 改为：The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations: A Statistical Analysis 英文技术论文写作要领及常犯文法错误范例 作者：林正平 一、 为何要用英文写科技论文？ 1. 英文科技论文是国际通用语言。 2. 英文文法结构严谨，可以写出条理清晰、文字简洁的科技论文。 二、 一般人常有的疑问和常犯的毛病 1. 该用现在式还是过去式？ a、 讲解实验结果和数据和表达自己想法时用现在式，好比与读者对谈，可使文章更为生动。 b、 说明有关实验的过程和动作时须用过去式。 c、 阐述理论时用现在式，因为你必须相信那些理论是真理，不会过时的。 2. 每一章节的第一句必须写下最重要的观点或结论，皆下来的句子都是根据它 来做逻辑辩证，这与一般文章的写法大为不同。逻辑辩证一定要够严谨，不可有跳跃性的思考，否则会减低了文章的可信度和说服力。 3. 实验数据太多，文字太少也是一般人常犯的毛病。其实作者应该很清楚自己要表达的论点和别人可能有的反驳意见，所附上的数据和图表数量只要足够支持自己的论点即可，倒不用为了完整性全部都附上。 4. 一 般人写英文科技论文常有很多赘词，有时多出很多句子和段落都是在重复前面已提过的事情。反复检查删去赘词赘句可以让文章更为简洁。 5. 文章可读性的重要不亚于作者要表达的内容，作者常常忽略了大多数来自别的领域的读者。增加可读性的要领是： a. 交代背景；b.深入浅出；c.少用小区域流传的专有名词； d.讨论原理和机制时回归基础科学的说法。 6. 既然写英文科技论文这么困难，为什么还要写呢？ A 身为半导体公司的工程师，这是我们的专业，就像音乐演奏家为了上台演奏，须经过百般磨练是一样的道理。 B. 我们一定要坚持一个信念，那就是好的实验结果或观点一定要发表出来和别人分享，唯有经过所有人的检验才能显示出其价值。这也是科学的根本精神。 7. 技术论文在描述实验步骤与结果时为了强调其客观性常使用被动语态，尽量不用 “ We”, “The authors”或 “I” 作主词。 三、 冠词范例 1. Self-aligned silicide process has been developed. A self-aligned silicide process has been developed. （我们常常忘记 ”不定冠词”） 2. In the scaling down of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) devices to submicron dimensions, In scaling down （我们常常乱加 “定冠词”） 3. 一个句子中有 “F-enhanced B penetration”， “B-Oxygen compound formation”，“ B distribution” 或“point defect generation”时前面不须加 “a” 或 “the”，但以下写法必须加 “ the” 例如 “ the generation of point defects” 4. The slight enhancement of B penetration due to the TiSi2 formation was also observed. A slight enhancement of B penetration due to the TiSi2 formation was also observed. 5. As can be seen, the silicon ridges appear on both surfaces. ., silicon ridges appear . 6. The SITOX TiSi2 has larger grain size than the conventional TiSi2. SITOX TiSi2 has a larger grain size than conventional TiSi2. 7. Fig. 10 shows the typical current-voltage behaviors of the diodes. . Show typical current-voltage characteristics of the diode. 8. After RCA clean after an RCA clean 9. in an N2 ambient in a N2 ambient 10. The effect of Si microstructures on the thermal stability The effect of the Si microstructure on thermal stability 11. In the recent years in recent years 12. The main purpose of this process is to avoid the implant damage in the Si substrate. . is to avoid implant damage in the Si substrate. 13. Finally, the standard Al metallization process was used on all the wafers. Finally, a standard Al metallization process was used for all the wafers. 14. The concentration-dependent diffusivity of B in single crystal Si was obtained by the Boltzmann-Matano analysis. obtained by Boltzmann-Matano analysis. 15. The effective diffusivity of B in polysilicon was obtained assuming error function distribution and constant diffusivity. . assuming an error function distribution and constant diffusivity 16. The depletion width is proportional to square root of the voltage across the junction the square root of the voltage . 四、 介系词范例 1. 如果提到时间的先后， “prior to” is better than “before” 2. The activation energy of diffusion current is about two times higher than that of recombination current. The activation energy for a diffusion current is about twice that for a recombination current. 3. In all of the figures In all the figures 4. Further study on the SITOX process A detailed study of the SITOX process 5. Many research groups have conducted fundamental studies on silicide formation in the Ti-SiO2-Si system. 6. The Ti film was deposited with a deposition rate of about 0.2 nm/min. at a deposition rate of . 7. One of the reasons of its lower and more uniform leakage one of the reasons for . 8. The typical activation energy (0.5Eg) of Shockley-Reak-Hall generation current . for . 9. The author also would like to thank Dr Matt Theyer for his help on SEM analysis help with SEM analysis. 10. 80nm Ti deposition 80 nm of Ti deposition 11. Channeling tails on the B implant profile result in deeper junction. in the B implant profile 12. SIMS analyses show that with a 20 keV, 2x1016 cm-2 BF2 implant and an 900C 60s dopant drive-out anneal, chemical B concentration at the . interface SIMS analyses show that for a 20 keV, ., the chemical B concentration at the interface. 13. , followed by a 300 nm polysilicon or amorphous Si deposition. ., followed by 300nm of polysilicon or amorphous silicon deposition. 14. 200 nm polysilicon 200 nm of polysilicon 15. Since the energy for BF2 implant was chosen such that most of the B atoms were confined within the CoSi2 layer Since the energy of the BF2 implant was chosen such that the B profile was confined to the CoSi2 layer. 16. Title: Reliability Study of P+ Polysilicon Gate PMOSFETs Fabricated by using BF2-implanted Cosi2 As a B Diffusion Source for Polysilicon Gate Doping and shallow Source/Drain Junction. . Fabricated using BF2-implanted Cosi2 As B Diffusion Source . 17. C-V measurements on the test capacitors show that the as-deposited amorphous Si gate is degenerately doped with the 950C, 60s drive-out anneal. . C-V measurements on the test capacitor show that the as-deposited amorphous Si gates are degenerately doped after a 950C 18. The grain size of a 70nm SITOX TiSi2 film is estimated to be about 10um wide while that of a 100nm conventional TiSi2 film is about 3 um wide. The grain size in a 70nm SITOX TiSi2 film . in . 19. It was found that SITOX devices had an average forward current about 50 mA, which is comparable with that of conventional devices. had an average forward current of about 50 mA, which is comparable to that of conventional devices. 20. This is a result of the competition of different epitaxial orientations. the competition between different epitaxial orientations 五、 连接词范例 1. Furthermore, from Figure 3, all the current-voltage curves for silicided samples exhibit similar functional behavior including the junction with only 20 nm deposited titanium while it is unlikely that the silicide would penetrate the junction in this case. Furthermore, from Figure 3, all the current-voltage curves for silicided samples exhibit similar functional behavior including the junction with only 20 nm deposited titanium, for which case, it is unlikely that the silicide would penetrate the junction. 2. Therefore, = So, = Hence, 3. Only that it is very difficult to determine which type of point defect (vacancy or interstitial) is generated in this case. However, it is very difficult to determine conclusively from this result which type of point defect (vacancy or interstitial) is generated. 4. The data shows that the leakage currents scale with perimeters instead of areas for the SITOX and conventional diodes. scale with perimeter rather than area for both SITOX and conventional diodes. 5. Thus, the effects of Co indiffusion on the reliability of pMOSFETs Thus, the effects of Co indiffusion, if any, on the 6. To date, only its dependence on the thickness of interfacial SiO2 has been studied. Previously, 7. Besides, In addition, 六、 标点符号范例 1. The effect of Co indiffusion along with B diffusi