历年知识运用真题辨析和其它辨析.doc

说明：两种底色标示无特别区分意义，均表示排版时的粗体，即文中讲解的词汇。一、历年真题考查过的辨析（20001986）饲养；养育词义及用法举例feed给人（动物、植物等）食物（肥料、养料等），常用 sb/sth (on) sth或sth to sb/sth表示为全家或一群人提供食物The cattle are fed (on) barley.牛要喂大麦。to an army养活一支军队raise“养育（孩子或小动物）”，不仅指“给予食物”，更强调抚养方式“饲养（牲畜）”“种植（农作物）”to her (as) a Catholic把她培养成天主教徒to cow养牛to corn种玉米rear同raiseto sons and daughters养育子女to poultry饲养家禽breed“饲养，培育（动植物）”，强调有目的地育种，常用sth for/as sth指培育人，表示以特定的方式教育，反复灌输观念、礼貌举止等，常用sth into sbThe rabbits are bred for their long coats.饲养兔子是为了获取它们的长毛。to good manners使养成良好的举止真题（2000）He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to the soil. 他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作应对恶劣天气影响的保障，以及作为商品卖掉，来替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。A enhance B mix C feed D raise寻找词义及用法举例seek“寻找”，常与for搭配“寻求，谋求”，表示试图得到或达到to alternative route另寻其他线路to employment求职search同seek，但找寻更为仔细，后面常接搜寻的地点to the plane for survivors为寻找幸存者而搜查飞机真题（2000）He must either sell some of his property or extra funds in the form of loans. 他只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金。 A search B save C offer D seek比例；比率词义及用法举例rate“比率，率”，指事情发生的速度或次数指税收、利息等的“费率”the annual crime 年犯罪率 of interest/interest 利息率ratio指两组人或物及事物各部分之间在大小、数量上的对比关系”a very high teacher-student 很高的师生比率proportion同ratio用于in (to) 的搭配中，表示“相比较”；或“与相应，成比例”，暗指如果一方变化另一方也随之变化 The room is very long in to its width.这间房的长度比宽度大很多。Price will be raised in to cost. 价格将随成本相应提高。percentage指“百分比”What of the students were absent?旷课的学生占百分之几？真题（2000）Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. 自然，他会尽量争取低息贷款，但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的。 A proportion B percentage C rate D ratio道；路词义及用法举例path主要指地面或空中的道路a bicycle 自行车道route同pathan air 飞行航线channel侧重指水上道路，如“水渠，航道，海峡”drainage s in the rice fields稻田的排水沟course指“（船或飞机的）航向，航线”The plane was on/off .飞机航向正确/偏离航向。passage指连接两个房间或处所的狭长的通道a secret underground 地下秘密通道vessel一般指细小的管道，特别是“脉管、血管”blood 血管真题（2000）He may also need money to construct irrigation and improve his farm in other ways. 他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠，或在其他方面改善自己的农田。A vessels B routes C paths D channels（1988）Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its . 由于狂风和凶猛的暴风雨，五月花号迷失了航向。A courseB routeC passageD channel通知；宣告词义及用法举例claim表明某事真实的“声明、宣称”，常接同位语从句作为保险金、赔偿、增薪等的“索款”He repeated his that the people backed his action.他重申了人民支持其行动的声明。the injury s工伤索赔declaration官方或正式的宣告、宣言对感觉或所相信的事的表白、声明the of war宣战a of faith表达信念proclamation同declarationthe of martial law宣布戒严announcement“公告，通知，宣布”， 强调要将关于某事的信息告知于人s of births出生通告真题（1999）The fewer the injury , the better the workmans insurance rate. 工伤索赔越少，工人的保险率也就越高。 A claims B reports C declarations D proclamations短暂的；立刻词义及用法举例momentary“短促的；片刻的”，仅表示很短的一段时间，无特殊含义a lapse of concentration片刻的走神prompt“迅速的；敏捷的”，强调行动快，没有耽搁 action was required as the fire spread.由于火势蔓延，需要立即采取行动。instant“立即的，立刻的”，指事情紧接着就会发生，通常只作定语The book was an hit.这本书一上市便销售火爆。immediate同instant“（作用）直接的”，只作定语the cause if death造成死亡的直接原因真题（1998）But they insisted that its results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the bulk of the English population. 然而他们坚持认为，工业革命在1750和1850年间引起的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。Amomentary Bprompt Cinstant Dimmediate正常的；普通的词义及用法举例normal用以描述预料之中、正常的事物Your temperature is back to.你的体温已恢复正常。usual同normal，尤其指大多数情况下会发生的She had all the teenage problems.她有青少年时期常见的所有问题。common“平凡的，普通的”，只作定语指因大量存在或频繁发生而经常见到的the people平民百姓the most form of cancer最常见的一种癌症ordinary同common“平淡无奇”，指毫无新意，含贬义The meal was very .这顿饭平常得很。plain “极为普通，平庸”，仅用作定语，一般用于in common sense搭配“朴素的，相貌平平的” common sense普通的常识 a dress朴素的连衣裙；a -looking woman相貌平平的女人popular“普遍的”，指为大家所公认或接受的Contrary to belief, women cause fewer road accidents than men.与普遍的看法相反，妇女交通肇事比男人少。mean侧重指人的理解力、能力平庸to the est intelligence对智力最平庸的人来说average同common指“不高不低的，不好不坏的，中等的”$20 for dinner is about .花20美元吃正餐算是价格中等。真题（1998）They admitted that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the man. 尽管他们承认从长远角度讲，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。A plain B average C mean D normal潮流；趋势词义及用法举例fashion指某一时期或某一团体中流行的时尚Her dress is the latest .她的晚礼服是最新式样。trend指情况变化或发展的大体方向，常与toward连用，表示“朝向.的趋势”the toward earlier retirement提早退休的趋势tendency同trend指人、物在行为上的倾向、偏好a to talk too much总爱唠叨tide指大多数人观点的走向，趋势，强调变化表示难以控制的坏事物的大量增加the of popular opinion舆论的倾向the rising of crime犯罪率的日益增长current指在一群人中普遍存在的意见、观点、感情等，并不强调其发展或变化this of anti-government feelings这股反政府情绪真题（1997）This “disposable” work force is the most important in American business today. 这种“即用即抛型”劳动力已成为美国企业用人最为重要的趋势。A approachB flow C fashionD trend 过多的，多余的词义及用法举例exceedinga.“非常的，极度的”，指超出了一般的限度 beauty美丽无比excessivea.“过分的，过度的”，指超过合适或合理的度 drinking酗酒excessa.同excessive，仅作定语“超额的，额外的”，指数量上超过正常的、必需的或法定的量，不一定是“过多”，仅作定语 food is stored as fat.多余的食物作为脂肪贮存起来。surplusa.同excess，但可作定语或表语These items are to requirements.这几项不需要。overflown.表示“超出”，专指某空间容纳不下的人或物A new office block was built to accommodate the of staff.新建了一座办公楼以容纳多出的员工。redundancyn.指因劳动力过剩而造成的裁员术语，意为“冗余，累赘”the threat of compulsory redundancies强制裁员的威胁the of a writers style作家累赘的文风真题（1996）Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for vitamins. 尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但获得足够的维生素对人的生命是至关重要的。 A exceptionalB exceeding C excessD external承担，履行词义及用法举例perform指从事某项工作，承担某项职责，主语可以是人或物to a project承担项目The brain s a very important function.大脑具有非常重要的功能。undertake同perform，但强调某人对负责并去做University professors both teach and research.大学教授既要教学又要从事研究工作。hold指人担任某一职务to the office of mayor担任市长职务真题（1996）They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin one or more specific functions in the body. 它们之间的不同之处在于每种维生素内部的元素排列方式不同，并且每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种具体功能。A undertakes B holds C playsDperforms合适的；恰当的词义及用法举例correct/proper指某种做法符合特定要求指人的言行符合规矩，得体the procedures for dealing with complaints处理投诉的正当手续 He is always in his behaviour.他的行为举止总是得体规矩。right同correct“情况良好；正常”，指感觉舒服、满意等，不作定语I dont feel quite today.我今天感觉不太舒服。suitable指适合于某种目的或场合，常用 for sth或to do sth，可修饰人或物Jeans are not for a formal party.正式聚会上穿牛仔裤不合适；a candidate合适的人选appropriate同suitable，但一般不修饰人an measure恰当的措施真题（1993）And you wouldnt feel in a business office that has the appearance of a school.同样，坐在一间装饰得像教室一样的商务办公室里，你也不会感到舒服。Acorrect Bproper Cright Dsuitable条件；环境；气候词义及用法举例circumstance常用复数，尤其指经济状况domestic s家庭经济状况condition常用复数特指居住、工作或做事的环境，条件影响某事发生的物质环境children living under the most appalling s生活在最恶劣环境下的儿童The plants grow best in damp s.这种植物最适合在潮湿的环境下生长。environment特指自然环境指个体或事物行为发展的客观环境，强调产生的影响measures to protect the 保护环境的措施Home can affect a childs behaviour.家庭环境可能对孩子的行为造成影响。situation强调特定时期和特定地点的形势、局面the present financial 目前的财政形势surroundings指人或事物周边的环境to work in pleasant 在愉快的环境中工作space指可供利用的空间to make a good use of the available 充分利用现有空间climate“（某地的）气候”抽象的“气候，风气，氛围”a of unrest不安的气氛；the present political 当前的政治气候真题（1993）It soon becomes clear that the interior designers most important basic concern is the function of the particular . 很明显，室内设计者关注的最重要的基本问题就是某一特定空间的功能。A circumstance B environment C surroundings D space（1999）When the work is well done, a of accident-free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. 如果这项工作做得好，就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围。在这种环境里，因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度。 A regulation B climate C circumstance D requirement（1988）Living began to improve in the spring of 1621. 生活条件在1621年的春天开始改善。A situations B environments C conditions D circumstances关心词义及用法举例care指照料、看护（病人、老人、儿童等）the provision of for the elderly为老年人提供的护理concern“关爱、关心”，带有感情色彩“关注”，着重于所关心的问题或对象parents for their children父母对子女的关爱the main s as a writer作为一名作家主要关注的问题attention“小心；注意（力）；专心”，侧重指集中精力做某事Small children have a very span.幼儿的注意力持续时间很短。真题（1993） It soon becomes clear that the interior designers most important basic is the function of the particular space. 很明显，室内设计者关注的最重要的基本问题就是某一特定空间的功能。A care B concern C attention D intention决定，决心词义及用法举例decision“作出的决定，作抉择”，常用 about/on sth“决心；果断”，偏重迅速而明智做出决定的能力to make a about what to do next对于下一步该做什么做出决定a quick-thinking man of and action思维敏捷、遇事果断、行动迅速的人determination正式地确定、规定某事物是什么、怎么样等“决心；果断”，偏重坚定、不放弃the genes for male sex 决定男性性别的基因fought the illness with 顽强地与疾病作斗争真题（1993）Nevertheless, for any kind of space, the designer has to make many of the same kind of . He or she must coordinate the shapes, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. 然而，无论任一类型的空间，设计者必须作出许多相同的决定。他（她）必须协调从天花板至地板所有东西的形状、照明及装饰。A solutions B conclusions C decisions Ddeterminations事业；责任，义务词义及用法举例venture“冒险事业；投机活动”，强调风险性to take a in oil在石油业进行一次投机mission“使命；天职”，多指一生都在履行的职责指被派遣人员领受的任务或太空飞行任务Her in life was to work with the homeless.她以帮助无家可归者为己任。to be sent to London on a diplomatic 肩负外交使命被派往伦敦；a US space 美国的太空飞行responsibility“责任；负责”，强调承担后果It is their to ensure that the rules are enforced.他们有责任确保制度的执行。duty多指道义上的责任，强调自觉性Local councilors have a to serve the community.地方议员有义务为社区服务。obligation指合同或法律上规定的义务，强调约束力They reminded him of his contractual s.他们提醒他注意合同规定的义务。真题（1992）When it has accomplished its _, it can be ready for another trip in about two weeks.航天飞机在完成任务后就可以准备开始两周后的旅程。A venture Bmission C commission D responsibility二、其他辨析profession, occupation, career，job，work，trade，vocation，employment工作；职业词义及用法举例profession指需要经过专门学习和大量训练的法律、医学、教育等脑力劳动方面的职业the s of law, medicine, and engineering法律、医学和工程职业occupation“工作，职业”，是正式或书面用语。He has no fixed .他没有固定职业。career指希望终身从事的事业、生涯，强调工作经历或事业上取得成就的一系列工作an officer with a distinguished 有着卓越成就的军官job指能够提供稳定报酬的工作，作可数名词She took a as a waitress.她找了个工作，当服务员。work同job，但为不可数名词也指无报酬的工作volunteer 志愿工作trade指有专门技术的手工行业、手艺He is an electrician by .他的职业是电工。vocation指认为特别适合自己或自己非常热爱的工作，不强调获取报酬You missed your you should have been an actor.你干错行了，你本该当演员。employment强调领取报酬的雇佣关系conditions of 雇佣条件creature，animal，man，mortal，human（或human being），humanity，humankind，mankind词义及用法举例creature“生物”；指人时多带有感情色彩，指具有某种特征的人You pathetic creature! 你这可怜的家伙！animal“动物”，不包括鸟、鱼、昆虫、爬行动物，可以包括或不包括人也可指”某类型的人、机构等”a political animal搞政治的人man作”人类”讲时是不可数名词，用单数形式the damage caused by man to the environment人类给环境带来的破坏作可数名词时，可指”男人，（不论性别的）人”或”（来自某处、为某组织工作、喜欢某事等的）人”the BBCs man in Moscow英国广播公司驻莫斯科的新闻记者mortal做名词时，指”凡人，普通人”，与神或有权势的人相对old stories about gods and mortals关于天神和凡人的古老传说human（being）强调”（与动物、机器等相对的）人”humankind/mankind/humanity都可指”人类，（统称的）人”，做不可数名词the history of mankind/ humankind/ humanity人类历史event，happenings，occurrence，incident，issue 事情，事件词义及用法举例event常指被视为有重大意义的事件The election was the main event of 1999.这次选举是1999年的主要大事。happenings常指不寻常的或奇怪的事There have been strange happenings here lately. 这儿最近发生了一些怪事。occurrence泛指“发生的事情”，常被一些表频率的形容词（common, rare, everyday, frequent etc）修饰Divorce has become a common occurrence in this country. 离婚在这个国家已是习以为常的事。incident常指不寻常的或令人讨厌的小事情One particular incident sticks in my mind.有一件事我总也忘不了。暴力事件或国家间的军事冲突a border/shooting incident 边境冲突/枪击事件issue人们争论或讨论的问题The union plans to raise the issue of overtime.工会打算提出加班的问题。districtzone vicinitylocality区域，地区词义及用法举例district“（一国或城镇中）某区域”，常有一定的特色financial/theatre district金融/剧院区管区，行政区school/postal district学区/邮政区zone“（有不同于周围地区特点或用途的）区域”a war/an earthquake/a pedestrian zone交战区/地震带/步行区为便于组织管理而规划的“分区”postal charges to countries in zone 2到位于第二邮区的国家的邮资气候带region常指“界限不明的区域”the arctic/desert region北极/沙漠地区（一个国家的）行政区vicinity“临近地区，附近”，常用单数the inhabitants of the vicinity附近地区的居民locality（说话人所处的或所提及的某一地点）周围的地区people living in the locality of the power station居住在发电站周围地区的人location locality site, spot scene地点，位置词义及用法举例location泛指事情发生或存在的地点、位置the exact location of the ship船的确切位置locality某人或某物存在的地方The birds are found in over 70 localities.现已发现这种鸟栖息在70多个地区。site（建筑物、城镇等的）地址，位置a building/factory site建筑工地/工厂所在地（事情发生的）现场the site of the battle战场（用作特别的用途或活动的）场地a camping site营地scene多指“不愉快事情发生的现场”the scene of the accident/crime事故/犯罪现场spot指特定的地点、场所quiet/lonely spot宁静的地方；the spot where he asked her to marry him他向她求婚的地点temper，disposition，temperament 人的某种脾气、性情词义及用法举例temper常指人的易怒的性情a violent/short temper烈性/急性脾气也常用于构成复合形容词（-tempered），表示“有脾气的”a good-/bad-tempered child脾气好/坏的小孩temperament也可指易冲动、急躁、喜怒无常的特性an actor given to displays of temperament性情喜怒无常的演员更常泛指人或动物的某种气质、性情、秉性an artistic temperament inherited from his mother从他妈妈那里继承的艺术家气质disposition“性格，性情”，强调具体表现出的特点、倾向性，常用to/towards sth/to do sthto have a disposition towards acts of violence有暴力倾向personality，character，complexion 性格、特性词义及用法举例character为普通用词，可指人或物的性格、特点、特色。personality“个性，人格”，强调使一个人不同于其他人的各种性格特征His wife has a strong personality.他的妻子个性很强。complexion指事物呈现的总体特征changed the political complexion of the northern states改变了北方诸州的政治局面outlook prospectperspective spectacle景观，景象词义及用法举例outlook强调从某个角度看到的景色，景观The house has a pleasant outlook over the valley.房子俯瞰山谷，景色宜人。perspective常指远景a perspective of the whole valley山谷全景prospect常指一处视野开阔的自然风景a delightful prospect of the lake令人心旷神怡的湖上风光spectacle“非常壮观的景象，奇观”，可以是表演、比赛、自然景色等The sunset was a stunning spectacle.夕阳西斜，异常壮观。奇特的场面，不寻常的情况A quarrel between drunken women is an unpleasant spectacle.喝醉酒的女人吵架是个丑恶的场面。facilities，instruments，implements，appliances器具词义及用法举例appliance尤指家用电器domestic s家用电器facility“（一组）设备，设施”，用复数sports/leisure facilities体育/消闲设施implement指在工作中有用或必需的器械，尤指较简单的农田或园艺工具agricultural s农具instrument指用于精细工作或科学技术的工具surgical s外科器械 charge, fund, payment, price费用词义及用法举例charge指商品和服务所需的收费admission s入场费fund指用于特殊目的的专项基金a disaster relief 赈灾专款指可以用来花费的资金，用复数The project has been cancelled because of lack of s.该项目因缺少资金已取消。payment指将付或应付的款额They are finding it difficult to meet the s on their car.他们感到很难偿付汽车款。price一般指商品的价格，不能用cheap，expensive修饰house s房价punishment penalty fine惩罚词义及用法举例punishment泛指各种处罚或惩罚，诸如法律、父母、老师以及神的惩罚等to impose punishment予以惩罚penalty是指“因违反法律、规则或合同而施加的惩罚”，可以是监禁、罚款、罚点球等a penalty clause in a contract合同中的惩罚条款fine罚款，罚金a parking fine违规停车罚款prize, reward, bonus, compliment奖励词义及用法举例prize指在竞赛中赢得或由于工作出色获得的奖励She was awarded the Nobel Peace .她获颁诺贝尔和平奖。reward同prize相近，但多指由于做好事而获得的报酬You deserve a for being so kind.你帮了这么大的忙，理应受到奖励。指警察局等机构提供的悬赏金to offer a of 10 000 for information提出一万美元悬赏金要求提供线索bonus指工资之外的奖金、红利productivity es生产奖金compliment“称赞；荣誉”，指好的评价，不涉及具体的奖励物Its a great to be asked to do the job.获聘请做这项工作是一项极大地荣誉。ruin remains relic 遗迹，遗留物词义及用法举例ruin指”废墟、遗迹”，往往表示建筑物，是可数名词the ruins of a Roman castle一座诺曼式城堡的遗迹remains意为”古代遗物，遗迹，遗址”，可以是物品或建筑物等，本身为复数fossil remains of prehistoric animals史前动物的化石还可指”剩余物”或”遗骸，遗体”the remains of the lunch剩下的午饭relic除表示”遗物，遗迹”外，还可指”遗风、遗俗”等文化传统的遗留物This custom is a relic of ancient times.这习俗乃是古代遗风。还专指”圣人遗物，圣骨”fragment piece patch chip scrap flake碎片，碎屑词义及用法举例piece“（物体破碎后的）碎片、碎块”，常用复数pieces of glass玻璃碎片fragment同piece同piece（来自于大的整体的）片段，一小部分a fragment of conversation谈话片段scrap常指”纸、布的小块，碎片”，可有比喻用法a scrap of paper一张小纸片；scraps of information零星信息chip（木、石等上剥、凿、碰或剥落下的）碎屑、碎渣chips of wood碎木屑/chocolate chips巧克力碎屑flake（尤指从大的物体上脱落的）小薄片flakes of snow雪花/dried onion flakes干洋葱皮片patch表示”碎屑、残片”时多用于比喻义a patch of hope一线残存的希望 edgebrim rim fringe margin verge 边缘，边沿词义及用法举例edge含义较广，可指”（一个物体、平面或地区的）边，边缘”the edge of the cliff/table悬崖边缘/桌边；a park on/at the edge of town城边的一处公园指抽象的”（某事将发生的）点，边缘”；一般指坏事，含贬义bring the country to the edge of disaster使国家濒临灾难verge与edge相近，但为中性，且常见于on/to the verge of sth/doing sth结构中on the verge of signing a new contract即将签订新合同rim（圆形物体的）边沿the rims of her eyes她的眼眶brim意为”（杯、碗或坑、穴等的）口，边沿”或”帽檐”two wine of glasses, filled to the brim两只斟满的酒杯 margin意为”（书页的）空白”或”（某地最外围的）边缘，界限”the east margin of the Indian Ocean印度洋的东岸指抽象的”（某群体等的）边缘，非主体部分”people living on the margins of society生活在社会边缘的人们fringe（某个地理区域的）边缘（地带）the urban/rural fringe市区/农村边缘同margin同margin fear, panic, dread, alarm, fright, horror, terror 害怕，恐惧词义及用法举例fear普通用词The child was shaking with fear.小孩吓得发抖。a fear of the dark 害怕黑暗panic强调因恐惧而失去控制、惊慌失措Office workers fled in panic as the fire took hold. 起火时，办公室人员惊慌逃出。dread含有对将要发生的事感到恐惧、害怕的意思The prospect of growing old fills me with dread. 想到人会一天天老起来便使我充满恐惧。alarm强调因意识到有危险而感到恐惧的心理The bandits scattered in alarm. 匪徒们惶惶然四散逃窜。fright含有受到惊吓的意思to cry out in fright 吓得大声叫喊horror侧重因看到讨厌、危险的东西或情景而引起的恐惧及厌恶的情绪drew back in horror at the sight of an enormous spider看到一只巨大的蜘蛛而吓得直退还构成to ones horror“令人恐惧的是”To her horror, the man produced a gun.那个人拔出了枪，让她大为恐惧。terror语气最强，指极度恐惧People fled from the explosion in terror.人们惊恐地逃离了爆炸现场。还可指（政治上的）恐怖a campaign of terror恐怖运动 arg