虚拟语气 高中.doc

虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood)条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句采用虚拟语气。在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况及表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。 真实条件状语从句 与 非真实条件状语从句If he doesnt hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实条件状语)（不是虚拟语气）If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语气）If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。 （非真实条件状语从句） If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实条件状语从句）与现在事实相反从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形If 从句 + 主语+ would/ should/ could/ might + do与过去事实相反从句 :had + 过去分词 主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have doneIf 从句+主语+ would/ should/ could/ might + have done与将来事实相反从句: 动词过去式（were to/did/should）+ 动词原形主句 : would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形If 从句+主语+ should/would/could/might+do 主句中的should只用于I 、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。一、表示与现在事实相反的情况： if+主语+过去时+其他 + 主语+should/would/could/might+do 1.If we were you, we should take an umbrella.如果我们是你们，我们就会带把伞。（事实：我们不可能是你们） 2.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱） 5.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功） 二、 表示与过去事实相反的情况： if+主语+had done+其他 + 主语+should/would/could/might+have done1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 三、表示对将来情况的主观推测（极少有可能实现的情况）： if+主语+did/should/were to do+sth.+ 主语+should/would/could/might+do if+主语+did/be(were)+sth. + 主语 +should/would/could/might+do if+主语+should+do+sth. + 主语 +should/would/could/might+do 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 （事实：来的可能性很小） 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, he would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，他就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪） 3.If she were to be there next Monday, we would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我们就会告诉她这件事的始末。四、混合条件句，又叫错综时间条件句：结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在的事实不符。如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如： If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew you , he would have greeted you. 要是他认识你的话，他肯定会去问候你了。 从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。 If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他一直努力工作的话，他现在已进了办公室了。五、虚拟语气的其他用法：（一）虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句wish 表愿望和希望，有可能实现，也有可能不能实现，故带有强烈的语气色彩，其宾语从句中一般用虚拟语气，that常省略，主句时态与从句无关。He wishes he were in Toronto now. 他希望现在是在多伦多。1、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg. I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你) 2、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done(动词过去分词） eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。（事实：原来不知道） 3、表示将来难以实现的愿望， 谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形 eg. I wish I should have a chance again我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了） (注：if only和as if/as though也有相同用法）（二）虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中1.在for fear that, in case, lest引导的，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 。She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。 He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 2、在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。（三） I DROP CAPS 口诀一坚持（insist ）二命令(order. command)三建议(advise，suggest. propose)四要求(demand. require. request. desire.)中，在insist； order, command；advise，suggest, propose； demand, require, request, desire； recommend、 decide、 prefer、 wish,、urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词insistence；order, advice, suggestion, proposal； demand, requirement, request, desire；recommendation、decision 、urge、preference、plan, motion、obligatory“义不容辞的, 必须的” 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + do”或只用“动词原形”（should可以省略） 如：-How do you_suggest_we go to Beijing for our holidays? -I think wed better fly there. Its much more comfortable. Janes pale face suggested that she _was_ill, and her parents suggested that she（should）_have_a medical examination. He demand that we (should) take the teachers advice He ordered that we (should) take the teachers advice insist译成“坚持某种动作，坚决要求.”时，用虚拟语气；译成“坚持.观点,固执己见.，坚持说.”时，不用虚拟语气。 如：He insisted that we (should) take the teachers advice He insists(that) he is innocent. 他坚持说他是无辜的。 （表示事实，不用虚拟语气） Suggest译为“建议”用虚拟语气；译为“暗示”不用虚拟语气。 His face suggests that he looks worried .他的表情暗含着他很担心。 （句子本身是事实，不用虚拟语气）(四) 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中1、even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如： Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。 Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。 2、在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh- 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如： We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。 We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如： You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲 We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。 （五）其他几种特殊形式的虚拟语气1、一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构 过去 had + 过去分词； 现在 过去时(be 用were ) 将来 过去时(be 用were ) 如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。 Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿 2、在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + do” 这些形容词有:important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, move “ should + do(或have done)” 可表示 惊奇、遗憾、怀疑、不满. 用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中. Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so small. 用于 “It is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder 等 + that” 等 结构后的主语从句中. Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.3、在由for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中,用 “ should + do” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.4、在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ did或should + do，即从句用虚拟过去式。 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。 It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。5、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without, but for，otherwise.,or.But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。 We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。6、在 “as if / as though”从句中, 引导的从句如表示与事实相反或不可能发生的事时要用虚拟语气，否则用正常语态。He speaks English so fluently as though/if he were a native English.他英语十分流利，就像地道的英国人一样。The water diving coach stretches his arms and imitates swimming as if he did it in water.跳水教练伸展手臂模仿游泳动作，简直跟在水里一样。然而，以下句中则不用虚拟语气，因为它们表述的内容是有可能发生的事实。It looks as though/if it is going to rain because it is very dark.天很黑，看上去似乎要下雨。He has not decided. It seems as though/if he will go there. 他还没决定，看样子他要去那里。对比： It seems as if they know