新托福词汇分类突破101-135.doc

101Movement may occur also in direct response to an outside stimulus; thus, a tap on the knee causes a jerk, and a light shone into the eye makes the pupil contract. These involuntary responses are called reflexes.o in response to in ris5pCns tu:prep. 相应，回应 o stimulus 5stimjulEs n. 刺激 stimulate / spur / inspire / encourage / simulate t-ting o tap tAp n. 轻打 o jerk dVE:k n. 抽搐 o pupil 5pju:pl n. 瞳孔 o contract kCn5trAkt v. 收缩 o reflex 5ri:fleks n. 反射 reflection / retrospection / spectator / prospective / perspective / spectacularly / 102Muscular contractions do not always cause actual movement. A small fraction of the total number of fibers in most muscles are usually contracting. This serves to maintain the posture of a limb and enables the limb to resist passive elongation or stretch. This slight continuous contraction is called muscle tone. o contraction kEn5trAkFEn n. 收缩 o fraction 5frAkFEn n. (小)部分 o fiber 5faibE n. 纤维 o posture 5pCstFE n. (身体的)姿势 o resist ri5zist v. 抵抗, 反抗 insist / resist / persist / o passive elongation 5pAsiv 7i:lCN5eiFEnn. 被动延伸 o stretch stretF n. 伸展 o continuous kEn5tinjuEs adj. 连续的 o muscle tone 5mQsl tEunn. 肌肉弹性，肌肉张力 103Circulatory SystemIn passing through the system, blood pumped by the heart follows a winding course through the right chambers of the heart, into the lungs, where it picks up oxygen, and back into the left chambers of the heart. From these it is pumped into the main artery, the aorta, which branches into increasingly smaller arteries until it passes through the smallest, known as arterioles. Beyond the arterioles, the blood passes through a vast amount of tiny, thin-walled structures called capillaries. Here, the blood gives up its oxygen and its nutrients to the tissues and absorbs from them carbon dioxide and other waste products of metabolism. The blood completes its circuit by passing through small veins that join to form increasingly larger vessels until it reaches the largest veins, the inferior and superior venae cavae, which return it to the right side of the heart. Blood is propelled mainly by contractions of the heart and arteries; contractions of skeletal muscle also contribute to circulation. Valves in the heart and in the veins ensure its flow in one direction.o circulatory system sE:kju5leitEri 5sistEmn. 循环系统 o pump pQmp v. 输送 o winding 5waindiN adj. 弯曲的 o chamber 5tFeimbE n. 心室 o pick up pik Qpv. 获得 o oxygen 5aksidVEn n. 氧气 o artery 5B:tEri n. 动脉 o aorta ei5C:tE n. 大动脉 o arteriole B:5tiEriEu n. 微动脉 o vast vB:st adj. 大量的 o capillary kA5pileri n. 毛细血管 o give up iv Qpv. 把输送到 o nutrient 5nu:triEnt n. 营养物质 o tissue 5tisu: n. 组织 o absorb Eb5sC:b v. 吸收 o carbon dioxide 5kB:bEn dai5Cksaidn. 二氧化碳 o metabolism me5tAbElizEm n. 新陈代谢 o circuit 5sE:kit n. 一圈 o vein vein n. 静脉 o vessel 5vesl n. 血管 o inferior in5fiEriE adj. 处于下方的 o superior su:5piEriE adj. 处于上方的 o venae cavae 5vi:ni: 5kivi:n. 腔静脉 (singular: vena 5vi:nE cava 5ki:vE) o propel prE5pel v. 推动 oppose / opposite / propose / prop / propel o circulation 7sE:kju5leiFEn n. 循环 o valve vAlv n. 瓣膜 104Immune SystemThe body defends itself against foreign proteins and infectious microorganisms by means of a complex dual system that depends on recognizing a portion of the surface pattern of the invader. The two parts of the system are termed cellular immunity, in which lymphocytes are the effective agent, and humoral immunity, based on the action of antibody molecules. o immune system i5mju:n 5sistEmn. 免疫系统 o defend di5fend v. 防卫 offence o foreign 5fCrin adj. 异质的，外来的 o protein 5prEuti:n n. 蛋白质 o infectious in5fekFEs adj. 有传染性的 o microorganism maikrEu5C:EnizEm n. 微生物 o dual system 5du:El 5sistEm n. 双重系统 o recognize 5rekinaiz v. 认出 o invader in5veidE n. 侵入物 invasion o lymphocyte 5limfEsait n. 淋巴细胞 o agent 5eidVEnt n. 作用物 rock debris o cellular immunity 5seljulE i5mju:nitin. 细胞免疫 o humoral immunity 5hju:mErEl i5mju:nitin. 体液免疫 o antibody molecule 5Anti7bCdi 5mClikju:ln. 抗体分子 105Lymphocytes, which resemble blood plasma in composition, are manufactured in the bone marrow and multiply in the thymus and spleen. They circulate in the bloodstream, penetrating the walls of the blood capillaries to reach the cells of the tissues. When particular lymphocytes recognize a foreign molecular pattern (termed an antigen), they release antibodies in great numbers. Antibodies attach themselves to the antigen and in that way mark them for destruction by other substances in the bodys defense arsenal. These are primarily complement, a complex of enzymes that make holes in foreign cells, and phagocytes, cells that engulf and digest foreign matter. o resemble ri5zembl v. 类似 like / similar / same / parallel / assemble / ensemble o plasma 5plAzmE n. 血浆 o bone marrow bEun 5mArEun. 骨髓 o multiply 5mQltipli v. 增加 multi o thymus 5WaimEs n. 胸腺 o spleen spli:n n. 脾 o circulate 5sE:kjuleit v. 循环 o penetrate 5penEtreit v. 穿透 o antigen 5AntidVEn n. 抗原 o antibody 5Anti7bCdi n. 抗体 o attach to E5tAtF tu:v. 把. 放在 o arsenal 5B:sEnEl n. 武器库 o complement 5ka:mplimEnt n. 补体 complementary with o enzyme 5enzaim n. 酶 boogie o phagocyte 5fAEsait n. 吞噬细胞 o engulf in5Qlf v. 吞噬 o digest dai5dVest v. 消化 106Respiratory SystemIn the lungs, oxygen enters tiny capillaries, where it combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells and is carried to the tissues. Inhaling draws into the lungs air that is higher in oxygen and lower in carbon dioxide; exhaling forces from the lungs air that is high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen. Changes in the size and gross capacity of the chest are controlled by contractions of the diaphragm and of the muscles between the ribs. o respiratory system res5pErEtC:ri 5sistEm n. 呼吸系统 o lung lQN n. 肺 o hemoglobin 7hi:mE5lEubEn n. 血色素 o inhale in5heil v. 吸气 o exhale eks5heil v. 呼气 o gross capacity rEus kE5pAsEtin. 总容量 o chest tFest n. 胸腔 o diaphragm 5daiEfrAm n. 隔膜 o rib rib n. 肋骨 107Digestive and Excretory SystemsAfter food is broken into fragments by chewing and mixed with saliva, digestion begins. The food passes down the gullet into the stomach, where the process is continued by the gastric and intestinal juices. Thereafter, the mixture of food and secretions, called chyme, is pushed down the alimentary canal by peristalsis, rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal system. Absorption of nutrients from chyme occurs mainly in the small intestine; unabsorbed food and secretions and waste substances from the liver pass to the large intestines and are expelled as feces. Water and water-soluble substances travel via the bloodstream from the intestines to the kidneys, which absorb all the constituents of the blood plasma except its proteins. The kidneys return most of the water and salts to the body, while excreting other salts and waste products, along with excess water, as urine.o excretory eks5kri:tEri adj. 排泄的 o fragment 5frAmEnt n. 碎片 o chew tFu: v. 咀爵 o saliva sE5laivE n. 唾液 o digestion dai5dVestFEn n. 消化 o gullet 5QlEt n. 食道 o stomach 5stQmEk n. 胃 o gastric 5Astrik adj. 胃的 o intestinal in5testEnl adj. 肠的 o juice dVu:s n.体液 o secretion si5kri:FEn n. 液体分泌物 o chyme kaim n. 食糜：部分消化的食物的稠状半流体物，从胃进入十二指肠 o alimentary canal 7AlE5mentEri kE5nAl n. 消化道 o peristalsis 7peri5stC:lsis n. 蠕动 o gastrointestinal 7AstrEuin5testEnl adj. 肠胃的 o absorption Eb5sC:pFEn n. 吸收 o nutrient 5nu:triEnt n. 营养物质 o small intestine smC:l in5testEn n. 小肠 o waste substance weist 5sQbstEnsn. 废物 o liver 5livE n. 肝脏 o large intestine lB:dV in5testEn n. 大肠 o expel iks5pel v. 排出 o feces 5fi:si:z n. 粪便 o water-soluble 5wC:tE 5sCljubladj. 可溶于水的 o via 5vaiE prep. 通过 o kidney 5kidni n. 肾 o constituent kEn5stitFuEnt n. 成分 o excrete iks5kri:t v. 分泌,排泄 o urine 5juErin n. 尿 108The Endocrine SystemIn addition to the integrative action of the nervous system, control of various body functions is exerted by the endocrine glands. An important part of this system, the pituitary, lies at the base of the brain. This master gland secretes a variety of hormones. The posterior lobe of the pituitary secretes vasopressin, which acts on the kidney to control the volume of urine. Other glands in the endocrine system are the pancreas, which secretes insulin, and the parathyroid, which secretes a hormone that regulates the quantity of calcium and phosphorus in the blood.o endocrine 5endEukrEn adj. 内分泌的 o exert i5zE:t v. 行使(职权等)，使受(影响等) o gland lAnd n. 腺 o pituitary pE5tu:iteri v. 大脑垂体 o secrete si5kri:t v. 分泌 o hormone 5hC:mEun n. 荷尔蒙 o posterior pCs5tiEriE adj. 后面的，尾部的 post / interior /exterior o posterior lobe pCs5tiEriE lEubn. 后叶 o vasopressin 7veizEu5presin n. 血管加压素，血压激素 o pancreas 5pANkriEs n. 胰腺 o insulin 5insElEn n. 胰岛素 o parathyroid 7pArE5WairCid adj. 甲状旁腺 o regulate 5rejuleit v. 控制 o calcium 5kAlsiEm n. 钙 o phosphorus 5fasfErEs n. 磷 109The Reproductive SystemReproduction is accomplished by the union of male sperm and the female ovum. In coitus, the male organ ejaculates more than 250 million sperm into the vagina, from which some make their way to the uterus. Ovulation, the release of an egg into the uterus, occurs approximately every 28 days; during the same period the uterus is prepared for the implantation of a fertilized ovum by the action of estrogens. If a male cell fails to unite with a female cell, other hormones cause the uterine wall to slough off during menstruation. From puberty to menopause, the process of ovulation, and preparation, and menstruation is repeated monthly except for periods of pregnancy.o reproduction 7ri:prE5dQkFEn n. 生殖，繁殖 o accomplish E5kCmpliF v. 完成 o sperm spE:m n. 精子 o ovum 5EuvEm n. 卵子 o coitus 5kEuitEs n. 性交 o ejaculate i5dVAkjuleit v. 射精 eject o vagina vE5dVainE n. 阴道 o uterus 5ju:tErEs n. 子宫 o ovulation 7Cvju5leiFEn n. 排卵 o egg e n. 卵子 o implantation 7implB:n5teiFEn n. 胚胎植入 o fertilized 5fE:tElaiz adj. 已受精的 o estrogen 5estrEdVEn n. 雌激素 o slough off slu: Cfv. 脱落 o menstruation 7menstru5eiFEn n. 月经期间 o puberty 5pju:bEti n. 青春期 o menopause 5menEpC:z n. 绝经期 o pregnancy 5prenEnsi n. 怀孕 110The inner layer of the skin, called the dermis, contains sweat glands, blood vessels, nerve endings, and the bases of hair and nails. The outer layer, the epidermis, is only a few cells thick; it contains pigments, pores, and ducts, and its surface is made of dead cells that it sheds from the body. The sweat glands excrete waste and cool the body through evaporation of fluid droplets; the blood vessels of the dermis supplement temperature regulation by contracting to preserve body heat and expanding to dissipate it. Separate kinds of receptors convey pressure, temperature, and pain. Fat cells in the dermis insulate the body, and oil glands lubricate the epidermis.o dermis 5dE:mEs n. 真皮 o nail neil n. 指甲 o epidermis 7epE5dE:mEs n. 上皮 o pigment 5pimEnt n. 色素 o pore pCr n. 毛孔 o duct dQkt n. 管：管状体内通道，尤指运输腺分泌物的管道 o shed Fed v. 脱落，蜕(皮)，脱(毛) o excrete iks5kri:t v. 分泌，排泄 o evaporation i7vApE5reiFEn n. 蒸发(作用) o droplet 5drCplEt n. 小滴 o supplement 5sQplEmEnt v. 补充 o dissipate 5disEpeit v. 使耗散 o receptor ri5septE n. 感受器 o convey kEn5vei v. 传达，传递 o insulate 5insEleit v. 隔热 o lubricate 5lu:brikeit v. 使润滑 111Only vertebrates, or animals with backbones, have ears. Invertebrate animals, such as jellyfish and insects, lack ears, but have other structures or organs that serve similar functions. Human ears are capable of perceiving an extraordinarily wide range of changes in loudness, the tiniest audible sound being about 1 trillion times less intense than a sound loud enough to cause the ear pain. Besides loudness, the human ear can detect a sounds pitch, which is related to a sounds vibration frequency, and of course, tone. Another sonic phenomenon, known as masking, occurs because lower-pitched sounds tend to deafen the ear to higher-pitched sounds.o jellyfish 5dVelifiF n. 水母 o lack lAk v. 缺乏，没有 o perceive pE5si:v v. 察觉 o extraordinarily iks5trC:dEnEri adv. 格外地 o loudness 5laudnis n. 响度 o audible 5C:dEbl adj. 听得见的 audience / auction / o detect di5tekt v. 察觉到 o pitch pitF n. 音高 o vibration frequency vai5breiFEn 5fri:kwEnsin. 震动频率 o sonic 5sCnik adj. 声音的 o masking 5mB:skiN n. 遮蔽 o deafen 5defn v. 使变聋 112The actual process of seeing is performed by the brain rather than by the eye. The function of the eye is to translate the electromagnetic vibrations of light into patterns of nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain.o process pra5ses n. 过程 o perform pE5fC:m v. 执行 o electromagnetic ilektrEu5mAnetik adj. 电磁的 o vibration vai5breiFEn n. 振动 o pattern 5pAtEn n. 模式 o transmit trAnz5mit v. 传送，传导 113The humaneyeball, is a spherical structure with a pronounced bulge on its forward surface. The outer part of the eye is composed of three layers of tissue. The outside layer is the sclera, a protective coating. At the front of the eyeball, it is continuous with the bulging, transparent cornea. The middle layer of the coating of the eye is the choroid, which is continuous with the ciliary body and with the iris, which lies at the front of the eye. The innermost layer is the light-sensitive retina.o eyeball 5ai7bC:l n. 眼球 o spherical 5sfirikEl adj. 球形的 o pronounced prE5naunst adj. 显著的 o bulge bQldV n. 凸出部分 o sclera 5skliErE n. 巩膜 o coating 5kEutiN n. 覆盖层 o cornea 5kC:niE n. 角膜 o choroid 5kC:rCid n. 脉络膜 o ciliary 5siliEri adj. 睫毛的 o iris 5aiEris n. 虹膜 o innermost 5inEmEust adj. 最里面的 o retina 5retEnE n. 视网膜 114The cornea is a tough, five-layered membrane through which light is admitted to the interior of the eye. Behind the cornea is a chamber filled with clear, watery fluid, the aqueous humor, which separates the cornea from the crystalline lens. The lens itself is a flattened sphere constructed of a large number of transparent fibers arranged in layers. It is connected by ligaments to a ringlike muscle. This muscle, by flattening the lens or making it more nearly spherical, changes its focal length.o membrane 5membrein n. 膜 o admit Ed5mit v. 允许进入 o chamber5tFeimbE n. 有机物体内封闭的腔；室 o aqueous 5eikwiEs adj. 水的; 似水的, 含水的 o humor 5hju:mE n. 体液 o crystalline 5kristElain adj. 水晶的 o lens lenz n. 透镜, 镜头 spectacle o flatten 5flAtn v. 使变平 o sphere sfiE v. 球, 球体 o ligament 5liEmEnt n. 系带, 韧带 o focal 5fEukEl adj. 焦点的 115Several structures, not parts of the eyeball, contribute to the protection of the eye. The most important of these are the eyelids, two folds of skin and tissue, upper and lower, that can be closed by means of muscles to form a protective covering over the eyeball against excessive light and mechanical injury. The eyelashes, a fringe of short hairs growing on the edge of either eyelid, act as a screen to keep dust particles and insects out of the eyes when the eyelids are partly closed. Inside the eyelids is a thin protective membrane, the conjunctiva, which doubles over to cover the visible sclera. Each eye also has a tear gland, situated at the outside corner of the eye. The salty secretion of these glands lubricates the forward part of the eyeball when the eyelids are closed and flushes away any small dust particles or other foreign matter on the surface of the eye.o eyelid 5ailid n. 眼睑 o fold fEuld n. 层 double / triple /o excessive ik5sesiv adj. 过多的，过度的 o injury 5indVEri n. 损伤 o eyelash 5ai7lAF n. 睫毛 o fringe frindV n. (地毯等的)穗，须边，流苏 o conjunctiva 7kCndVQNk5taivE n. (眼球)结膜 o tear gland tiE lAndn. 泪腺 o lubricate 5lu:brikeit v. 使润滑 o flush flQF v. 冲掉 o particle 5pB:tikl n. 微粒 116TongueThe tongue serves as an organ of taste, with taste buds scattered over its surface and concentrated toward the back of the tongue. In chewing, the tongue holds the food against the teeth; in swallowing, it moves the food back into the pharynx, and then into the esophagus when the pressure of the tongue closes the opening of the trachea, or windpipe. It also acts, together with the lips, teeth, and hard palate, to form word sounds.o tongue tQN n. 舌头 o taste bud teist bQd n. 味蕾 o scatter over 5skAtE 5EuvEv. 分布在 o chew tFu: v. 咀爵 o swallow 5swClEu v. 吞咽 o pharynx 5fAriNks n. 咽: 消化道上从嘴和鼻腔延伸到喉的部分，此处喉部与食管相接 o esophagu s i5sCfEEs n. 食道 o trachea trE5ki:E n. 气管 o windpipe 5windpaip n. 气管 o hard palate hB:d 5pAlEtn. 硬颚: 颚的相对坚硬的、骨质的前半部分117Understanding atoms is key to understanding the physical world. More than 100 different elements exist in nature, each with its own unique atomic makeup. The atoms of these elements react with one another and combine in different ways to form a virtually unlimited number of chemical compounds. When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule. Millions of molecules join together to make up the cells in humans or in any other plant or animal. o atom 5AtEm n. 原子 o element 5elEmEnt n. 元素 o unique ju:5ni:k adj. 独特的 o makeup 5meikQp n. 结构 o react ri5Akt v. (起)反应 o combine kEm5bain v. 结合 o virtually 5vE:tFuEli adv. 实质上 o compound 5kCmpaund n. 化合物 exacerbate / alleviate / compound o molecule 5mClikju:l n. 分子 o cell sel n. 细胞 o make up meik Qpv. 构成，组成 118Atoms are made of smaller particles. An atom consists of a cloud o